{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:39:01Z","timestamp":1785771541534,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013385","name":"National Science and Technology Program during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFD0500703-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0500703-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Hebei Province Science and Technology Support Program","award":["17226613D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17226613D"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CXZZSS2018056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXZZSS2018056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sow endometritis is a common disease in pig breeding farms after artificial insemination, which leads to gray-green vaginal secretions and decreased conception rates. It is important to perform an etiologic diagnosis for effective treatments and control of diseases. The aim of this study was to carry out a pathogenic detection in five specimens of vaginal secretions collected from sick pigs with endometritis, implement identification of the pathogens by phenotypic detection and 16\u2009s rDNA sequence and phylogeny analysis, and determinate antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> strain was isolated and identified from all of the five specimens. The isolate was positive for Voges-Proskauer (V-P) and for the hydrolysis of arginine, esculin and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). Acid formation was observed for sorbitol, mushroom sugar, sucrose, and glucose. The 16S rDNA sequence of the isolate possessed 99.93% similarity to that of <jats:italic>Streptococcus porcinus<\/jats:italic>. The phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequence showed that the isolate belonged to the same clade as the <jats:italic>S. porcinus<\/jats:italic> strains from humans, pigs, and other animals. The isolate exhibited multi-drug resistance to aminoglycosides, quinolones, macrolides and tetracyclines except being sensitive to some \u03b2- lactams such as penicillin G, cephalothin, cefazolin, cephradine and cefuroxime.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A <jats:italic>S. porcinus<\/jats:italic> isolate with multi-drug resistance was identified from vaginal secretions of sows with endometritis in one pig breeding farm, which suggests that the sow endometritis was caused by <jats:italic>S. porcinus<\/jats:italic> infection during artificial insemination. This study indicates that sensitive antibiotics such as penicillin G or some cephalosporins could be used for treatment of the diseases. In addition, the study hints that bacterial multi-drug resistance is a tough problem for disease treatment in pig farms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02365-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T07:03:02Z","timestamp":1589958182000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Isolation and characteristics of multi-drug resistant Streptococcus porcinus from the vaginal secretions of sow with endometritis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yawen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruitao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tairan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jicheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2899-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinye","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2365_CR1","first-page":"334","volume-title":"Diseases of swine. 10th ed","author":"M Gottschalk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gottschalk M. Streptococci. In: Zimmerman J, Karriker L, Ramirez A, Schwartz K, Stevenson G, editors. Diseases of swine. 10th ed. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing; 2012. p. 334\u20135."},{"key":"2365_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.08.030","volume":"111","author":"J Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang J, Li C, Nesengani LT, Gong Y, Zhang S, Lu W. Characterization of vaginal microbiota of endometritis and healthy sows using high-throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Microb Pathog. 2017;111:325\u201330.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2365_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879600800301","volume":"8","author":"KM Lager","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lager KM, Halbur PG. Gross and microscopic lesions in porcine fetuses infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Vet Diagn Investig. 1996;8:275\u201382.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Investig"},{"key":"2365_CR4","first-page":"25","volume":"3","author":"Z Luo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luo Z, Yuan AW. Etiological analysis and control measures on sow endometritis in intensive pig farms. Hunan Anim Husbandry Vet. 2009;3:25\u20137.","journal-title":"Hunan Anim Husbandry Vet"},{"key":"2365_CR5","first-page":"82","volume":"44","author":"YS Shen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shen YS, Ji QY, Zhang L, Zhao CB. Treatment effect of drug Endometritis-I on sow endometritis. Anim Husbandry Vet. 2012;44:82\u20133.","journal-title":"Anim Husbandry Vet"},{"key":"2365_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.01.002","volume":"97","author":"B Jana","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jana B, Kucharski J, Dzienis A, Deptu\u0142a K. Changes in prostaglandin production and ovarian function in gilts during endometritis induced by Escherichia coli infection. Anim Reprod Sci. 2007;97:137\u201350.","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2365_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(84)80041-7","volume":"5","author":"MD Collins","year":"1984","unstructured":"Collins MD, Farrow JAE, Katie V, Kandler O. Taxonomic studies on streptococci of serological groups E, P, U, and V: a description of Streptococcus porcinus sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol. 1984;5:402\u201313.","journal-title":"Syst Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2365_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(86)90081-7","volume":"12","author":"GE Wessman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wessman GE. Biology of the group E streptococci: a review. Vet Microbiol. 1986;12:297\u2013328.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2365_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4396","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.9.4396-4398.2004","volume":"42","author":"C Martin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Martin C, Fermeaux V, Eyraud JL, Aubard Y. Streptococcus porcinus as a cause of spontaneous preterm human stillbirth. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:4396\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2365_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4592-4601.2005","volume":"43","author":"RS Duarte","year":"2005","unstructured":"Duarte RS, Barros RR, Facklam RR, Teixeira LM. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Streptococcus porcinus isolated from human sources. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4592\u2013601.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2365_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e318280407c","volume":"17","author":"N Pereira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pereira N, Powell AM, Nyirjesy P, Plante LA. Vaginorectal Streptococcus porcinus in pregnancy: an emerging pathogen? J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2013;17:e18\u201321.","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"2365_CR12","first-page":"106","volume":"5","author":"T O'Sullivan","year":"2011","unstructured":"O'Sullivan T, Friendship R, Blackwell T, Pearl D, McEwen B, Carman S, Slavi\u0107 D, Dewey C. Microbiological identification and analysis of swine tonsils collected from carcasses at slaughter. Can J Vet Res. 2011;5:106\u201311.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"2365_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170784","volume":"12","author":"M P\u00e9rez-Sancho","year":"2017","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Sancho M, Vela AI, Garc\u00eda-Seco T, Gonz\u00e1lez S, Dom\u00ednguez L, Fern\u00e1ndez-Garayz\u00e1bal JF. Usefulness of MALDI-TOF MS as a diagnostic tool for the identification of streptococcus species recovered from clinical specimens of pigs. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0170784.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2365_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1988.tb00558.x","volume":"35","author":"O Plagemann","year":"1988","unstructured":"Plagemann O. Streptococcus porcinus as a cause of abortion in swine. Zentbl Vet Med B. 1988;35:770\u20132.","journal-title":"Zentbl Vet Med B"},{"key":"2365_CR15","first-page":"180","volume":"55","author":"M Chagnon","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chagnon M, D'Allaire S, Drolet R. A prospective study of sow mortality in breeding herds. Can J Vet Res. 1991;55:180\u20134.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"2365_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.06.018","volume":"70","author":"D Maes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maes D, Nauwynck H, Rijsselaere T, Mateusen B, Vyt P, de Kruif A, Van Soom A. Diseases in swine transmitted by artificial insemination: an overview. Theriogenology. 2008;70:1337\u201345.","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"2365_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.09.046","volume":"85","author":"D Maes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maes D, Van Soom A, Appeltant R, Arsenakis I, Nauwynck H. Porcine semen as a vector for transmission of viral pathogens. Theriogenology. 2016;85:27\u201338.","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"2365_CR18","first-page":"462","volume":"79","author":"T Gabas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gabas T, Podglajen I, Cheminet G, Gagnard JC, Wyplosz B. Diagnostic accuracy of 16S rDNA PCR in bacterial pyomyositis: a prospective study. J Inf Secur. 2019;79:462\u201370.","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"key":"2365_CR19","first-page":"495","volume":"41","author":"A Mishra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mishra A, Nam GH, Gim JA, Lee HE, Jo A, Kim HS. Current challenges of streptococcus infection and effective molecular, cellular, and environmental control methods in aquaculture. Mol Cells. 2018;41:495\u2013505.","journal-title":"Mol Cells"},{"key":"2365_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.6419","volume":"51","author":"N Saito","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saito N, Hida A, Koide Y, Ooka T, Ichikawa Y, Shimizu J, Mukasa A, Nakatomi H, Hatakeyama S, Hayashi T, Tsuji S. Culture-negative brain abscess with Streptococcus intermedius infection with diagnosis established by direct nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16s ribosomal RNA gene. Intern Med. 2012;51:211\u20136.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"2365_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shewmaker PL, Steigerwalt AG, Whitney AM, Morey RE, Graziano JC, Facklam RR, Musser KA, Merquior VL, Teixeira LM. Evaluation of methods for identification and determination of the taxonomic status of strains belonging to the Streptococcus porcinus-Streptococcus pseudoporcinus complex isolated from animal, human, and dairy sources. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:3591\u20137.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01481-12"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"2365_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47295-0","volume":"56","author":"C Gaudreau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gaudreau C, Simoneau E, Labrecque O, Laurence RA, Laferri\u00e8re C, Miller M, Raynal L, Rallu F. Epidemiological, biochemical and antimicrobial susceptibility characteristics of Streptococcus pseudoporcinus isolated in Quebec, Canada, from 1997 to 2006. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56(Pt 12):1620\u20134.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2365_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01704","volume":"10","author":"L Gargiullo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gargiullo L, Del Chierico F, D'Argenio P, Putignani L. Gut microbiota modulation for multidrug-resistant organism decolonization: present and future perspectives. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1704.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2365_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01753","volume":"10","author":"M Zaj\u0105c","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zaj\u0105c M, Sztromwasser P, Bortolaia V, Leekitcharoenphon P, Cavaco LM, Zi\u0229tek-Barszcz A, Hendriksen RS, Wasyl D. Occurrence and characterization of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli isolated from food-producing animals in Poland, 2011-2016. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01753.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2365_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00985","volume":"10","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang X, Biswas S, Paudyal N, Pan H, Li X, Fang W, Yue M. Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates recovered from the food chain through National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System between 1996 and 2016. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00985.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2365_CR26","first-page":"235","volume":"45","author":"C L\u00e4mmler","year":"1998","unstructured":"L\u00e4mmler C, Cirak N, Smola J. Studies on biochemical, serological and further characteristics of Streptococcus porcinus. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1998;45:235\u201343.","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed B"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02365-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02365-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02365-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T07:22:25Z","timestamp":1621495345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02365-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02365-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was ethically approved by the Hebei Agricultural University\u2019s Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Board. All procedures were performed in accordance with the guidelines for the care and use of animals of Hebei Agricultural University (China) and with current Chinese legislation, following the written and informed consent of the pig farm owners.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"146"}}