{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:32:57Z","timestamp":1787020377360,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"the Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P3-0043, P4-0220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3-0043, P4-0220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"tertiary funding from Clinical department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Clinical Centre (Ljubljana, Slovenia)."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-acting local anaesthetics (e.g. bupivacaine hydrochloride) or sustained-release formulations of bupivacaine (e.g. liposomal bupivacaine) may be neurotoxic when applied in the setting of diabetic neuropathy. The aim of the study was to assess neurotoxicity of bupivacaine and liposome bupivacaine in streptozotocin (STZ) - induced diabetic mice after sciatic nerve block. We used the reduction in fibre density and decreased myelination assessed by G-ratio (defined as axon diameter divided by large fibre diameter) as indicators of local anaesthetic neurotoxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Diabetic mice had higher plasma levels of glucose (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and significant differences in the tail flick and plantar test thermal latencies compared to healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In both diabetic and nondiabetic mice, sciatic nerve block with 0.25% bupivacaine HCl resulted in a significantly greater G-ratio and an axon diameter compared to nerves treated with 1.3% liposome bupivacaine or saline (0.9% sodium chloride) (\n                      <jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;\u20090.01<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Moreover, sciatic nerve block with 0.25% bupivacaine HCl resulted in lower fibre density and higher large fibre and axon diameters compared to the control (untreated) sciatic nerves in both STZ-induced diabetic (\n                      <jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and nondiabetic mice (\n                      <jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;\u20090.01<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). No evidence of acute or chronic inflammation was observed in any of the treatment groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our exploratory study the sciatic nerve block with bupivacaine HCl (7\u00a0mg\/kg), but not liposome bupivacaine (35\u00a0mg\/kg) or saline, resulted in histomorphometric indices of neurotoxicity. Histologic findings were similar in diabetic and healthy control mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02459-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T10:26:01Z","timestamp":1594981561000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Neurotoxicity of bupivacaine and liposome bupivacaine after sciatic nerve block in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Liljana","family":"Markova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nejc","family":"Umek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Horvat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Admir","family":"Had\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatjana Stopar","family":"Pintari\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Mrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Cvetko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2459_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0273","volume":"39","author":"PZ Zimmet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zimmet PZ, Alberti KGMM. Epidemiology of diabetes - Status of a pandemic and issues around metabolic surgery. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:878\u201383. .","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2459_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.7.1591","volume":"27","author":"EW Gregg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gregg EW, Sorlie P, Paulose-Ram R, Gu Q, Eberhardt MS, Wolz M, et al. Prevalence of lower-extremity disease in the U.S. adult population \u2265 40 years of age with and without diabetes: 1999\u20132000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1591\u20137. .","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2459_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03582.x","volume":"29","author":"K Dhatariya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dhatariya K, Levy N, Kilvert A, Watson B, Cousins D, Flanagan D, et al. NHS Diabetes guideline for the perioperative management of the adult patient with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2012;29:420\u201333.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2459_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199211000-00017","volume":"77","author":"MW Kalichman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kalichman MW, Calcutt NA. Local anesthetic-induced conduction block and nerve fiber injury in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Anesthesiology. 1992;77:941\u20137.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2459_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181e82df0","volume":"35","author":"JS Kroin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kroin JS, Buvanendran A, Williams DK, Wagenaar B, Moric M, Tuman KJ, et al. Local anesthetic sciatic nerve block and nerve fiber damage in diabetic rats. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35:343\u201350.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2459_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu270","volume":"114","author":"P Lirk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lirk P, Verhamme C, Boeckh R, Stevens MF, Ten Hoope W, Gerner P, et al. Effects of early and late diabetic neuropathy on sciatic nerve block duration and neurotoxicity in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Br J Anaesth. 2015;114:319\u201326.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2459_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000506","volume":"30","author":"W Ten Hoope","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ten Hoope W, Looije M, Lirk P. Regional anesthesia in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2017;30:627\u201331.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"2459_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7125","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900598106","volume":"106","author":"H Epstein-Barash","year":"2009","unstructured":"Epstein-Barash H, Shichor I, Kwon AH, Hall S, Lawlor MW, Langer R, et al. Prolonged duration local anesthesia with minimal toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009;106:7125\u201330.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2459_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/467429","volume":"2011","author":"BM Richard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richard BM, Rickert DE, Newton PE, Ott LR, Haan D, Brubaker AN, et al. Safety Evaluation of EXPAREL (DepoFoam Bupivacaine) Administered by Repeated Subcutaneous Injection in Rabbits and Dogs: Species Comparison. J Drug Deliv. 2011;2011:1\u201314.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv"},{"key":"2459_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000648","volume":"31","author":"AL Balocco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balocco AL, Van Zundert PGE, Gan SS, Gan TJ, Hadzic A. Extended release bupivacaine formulations for postoperative analgesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2018;31:636\u201342.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"2459_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2006.05.008","volume":"31","author":"H Dyhre","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dyhre H, S\u00f6derberg L, Bj\u00f6rkman S, Carlsson C. Local Anesthetics in Lipid-Depot Formulations-Neurotoxicity in Relation to Duration of Effect in a Rat Model. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:401\u20138.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2459_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/962101","volume":"2012","author":"BM Richard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Richard BM, Newton P, Ott LR, Haan D, Brubaker AN, Cole PI, et al. The Safety of EXPAREL \u00ae (Bupivacaine Liposome Injectable Suspension) Administered by Peripheral Nerve Block in Rabbits and Dogs. J Drug Deliv. 2012;2012:1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv"},{"key":"2459_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.02.015","volume":"35","author":"JB McAlvin","year":"2014","unstructured":"McAlvin JB, Padera RF, Shankarappa SA, Reznor G, Kwon AH, Chiang HH, et al. Multivesicular liposomal bupivacaine at the sciatic nerve. Biomaterials. 2014;35:4557\u201364.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2459_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13189","volume":"70","author":"M Damjanovska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Damjanovska M, Cvetko E, Hadzic A, Seliskar A, Plavec T, Mis K, et al. Neurotoxicity of perineural vs intraneural-extrafascicular injection of liposomal bupivacaine in the porcine model of sciatic nerve block. Anaesthesia. 2015;70:1418\u201326.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"2459_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000283","volume":"40","author":"BM Ilfeld","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ilfeld BM, Viscusi ER, Hadzic A, Minkowitz HS, Morren MD, Lookabaugh J, et al. Safety and Side Effect Profile of Liposome Bupivacaine (Exparel) in Peripheral Nerve Blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015;40:572\u201382.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2459_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002719","volume":"126","author":"AY Rwei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rwei AY, Sherburne RT, Zurakowski D, Wang B, Kohane DS. Prolonged Duration Local Anesthesia Using Liposomal Bupivacaine Combined With Liposomal Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine. Anesth Analg. 2017;126:1170\u20135.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2459_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000560","volume":"42","author":"C Vandepitte","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vandepitte C, Kuroda M, Witvrouw R, Anne L, Bellemans J, Corten K, et al. Addition of liposome bupivacaine to bupivacaine HCl versus bupivacaine HCl alone for interscalene brachial plexus block in patients having major shoulder surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2017;42:334\u201341.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2459_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.32607\/20758251-2018-10-1-24-33","volume":"10","author":"IG Gvazava","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gvazava IG, Rogovaya OS, Borisov MA, Vorotelyak EA, Vasiliev AV. Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus and rodent experimental models. Acta Naturae. 2018;10:24\u201333.","journal-title":"Acta Naturae"},{"key":"2459_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182664afb","volume":"37","author":"P Lirk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lirk P, Flatz M, Haller I, Hausott B, Blumenthal S, Stevens MF, et al. In Zucker diabetic fatty rats, subclinical diabetic neuropathy increases in vivo lidocaine block duration but not in vitro neurotoxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37:601\u20136.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2459_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.01.055","volume":"657","author":"J Lu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lu J, Xu SY, Zhang QG, Xu R, Lei HY. Bupivacaine induces apoptosis via mitochondria and p38 MAPK dependent pathways. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;657:51\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2459_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e318228c835","volume":"36","author":"S Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang S, Abrahams MS, Hurn PD, Grafe MR, Kirsch JR. Local Anesthetic Schwann Cell Toxicity Is Time and Concentration Dependent. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011;36:444\u201351.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2459_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030339","volume":"17","author":"M Verlinde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verlinde M, Hollmann M, Stevens M, Hermanns H, Werdehausen R, Lirk P. Local Anesthetic-Induced Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:339.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2459_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001117","volume":"124","author":"A Hadzic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hadzic A, Minkowitz HS, Melson TI, Berkowitz R, Uskova A, Ringold F, et al. Liposome Bupivacaine Femoral Nerve Block for Postsurgical Analgesia after Total Knee Arthroplasty. Anesthesiology. 2016;124:1372\u201383.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2459_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-012-0043-z","volume":"33","author":"D Hu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hu D, Onel E, Singla N, Kramer WG, Hadzic A. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Liposome Bupivacaine Injection Following a Single Administration at the Surgical Site. Clin Drug Investig. 2012;33:109\u201315.","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"2459_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1999.19530419.x","volume":"195","author":"D Walker","year":"1999","unstructured":"Walker D, Carrington A, Cannan SA, Sawicki D, Sredy J, Boulton AJM, et al. Structural abnormalities do not explain the early functional abnormalities in the peripheral nerves of the streptozotocin diabetic rat. J Anat. 1999;195:419\u201327.","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2459_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(74)90136-1","volume":"23","author":"AK Sharma","year":"1974","unstructured":"Sharma AK, Thomas PK. Peripheral nerve structure and function in experimental diabetes. J Neurol Sci. 1974;23:1\u201315.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2459_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.06.069","volume":"105","author":"H Pan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pan H, Ding Y, Yan N, Nie Y, Li M, Tong L. Trehalose prevents sciatic nerve damage to and apoptosis of Schwann cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL\/6J mice. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;105:907\u201314.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2459_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.111","volume":"3","author":"T Murakami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Murakami T, Iwanaga T, Ogawa Y, Fujita Y, Sato E, Yoshitomi H, et al. Development of sensory neuropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Brain Behav. 2013;3:35\u201341.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"2459_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.005","volume":"93","author":"EL Feldman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feldman EL, Nave KA, Jensen TS, Bennett DLH. New Horizons in Diabetic Neuropathy: Mechanisms, Bioenergetics, and Pain. Neuron. 2017;93:1296\u2013313.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2459_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.03.008","volume":"306","author":"AS Hidmark","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hidmark AS, Nawroth PP, Fleming T. STZ causes depletion of immune cells in sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglion in experimental diabetes. J Neuroimmunol. 2017;306:76\u201382.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2459_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01911.x","volume":"166","author":"AJF King","year":"2012","unstructured":"King AJF. The use of animal models in diabetes research. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;166:877\u201394.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2459_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181e82e0b","volume":"35","author":"BA Williams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williams BA. Toward a potential paradigm shift for the clinical care of diabetic patients requiring perineural analgesia: Strategies for using the diabetic rodent model. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35:329\u201332.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2459_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06596","volume":"190","author":"P Vital","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vital P, Larrieta E, Hiriart M. Sexual dimorphism in insulin sensitivity and susceptibility to develop diabetes in rats. J Endocrinol. 2006;190:425\u201332.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2459_CR34","unstructured":"National Research Council (U.S.). Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals., Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (U.S.). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. National Academies Press; 2011."},{"key":"2459_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu KK, Huan Y. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic models in mice and rats. Curr Protoc Pharmacol. 2008;Chap. 5:Unit 5.47.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471141755.ph0547s40"},{"key":"2459_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilt052","volume":"54","author":"PD O\u2019Brien","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien PD, Sakowski SA, Feldman EL. Mouse models of diabetic neuropathy. ILAR J. 2014;54:259\u201372.","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"key":"2459_CR37","first-page":"11","volume":"99","author":"JW Allen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Allen JW, Yaksh TL. Assessment of acute thermal nociception in laboratory animals. Methods Mol Med. 2004;99:11\u201323.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Med"},{"key":"2459_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0123459","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123459","volume":"10","author":"K An","year":"2015","unstructured":"An K, Elkassabany NM, Liu J. Dexamethasone as adjuvant to bupivacaine prolongs the duration of thermal antinociception and prevents bupivacaine-induced rebound hyperalgesia via regional mechanism in a mouse sciatic nerve block model. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0123459.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2459_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(88)90026-7","volume":"32","author":"K Hargreaves","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hargreaves K, Dubner R, Brown F, Flores C, Joris J. A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia. Pain. 1988;32:77\u201388.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2459_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90220-J","volume":"53","author":"K Hole","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hole K, Tj\u00f8lsen A. The tail-flick and formalin tests in rodents: changes in skin temperature as a confounding factor. Pain. 1993;53:247\u201354.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2459_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00284","volume":"10","author":"JR Deuis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deuis JR, Dvorakova LS, Vetter I. Methods Used to Evaluate Pain Behaviors in Rodents. Front Mol Neurosci. 2017;10:284.","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2459_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199504000-00026","volume":"82","author":"JG Thalhammer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Thalhammer JG, Vladimirova M, Bershadsky B, Strichartz GR. Neurologic evaluation of the rat during sciatic nerve block with lidocaine. Anesthesiology. 1995;82:1013\u201325.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2459_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026470831256","volume":"17","author":"DS Kohane","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kohane DS, Lipp M, Kinney RC, Lotan N, Langer R. Sciatic nerve blockade with lipid-protein-sugar particles containing bupivacaine. Pharm Res. 2000;17:1243\u20139.","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"2459_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63070-2","volume":"159","author":"M Mueller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mueller M, Wacker K, Ringelstein EB, Hickey WF, Imai Y, Kiefer R. Rapid response of identified resident endoneurial macrophages to nerve injury. Am J Pathol. 2001;159:2187\u201397.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2459_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmo.11","volume":"6","author":"CG Jolivalt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jolivalt CG, Frizzi KE, Guernsey L, Marquez A, Ochoa J, Rodriguez M, et al. Peripheral Neuropathy in Mouse Models of Diabetes. Curr Protoc Mouse Biol. 2016;6:223\u201355.","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Mouse Biol"},{"key":"2459_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181de574e","volume":"111","author":"EL Whitlock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Whitlock EL, Brenner MJ, Fox IK, Moradzadeh A, Hunter DA, Mackinnon SE. Ropivacaine-induced peripheral nerve injection injury in the rodent model. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:214\u201320. .","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02459-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02459-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02459-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:09:25Z","timestamp":1667434165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02459-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02459-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-18502\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Guide for the Care and the Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health (National Research Council (U.S.) [\n                      \n                      ], the Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (U.S.), 2011). The study was approved by the Ethical Committee for laboratory animals of the Republic of Slovenia (Permit Number: U34401-21\/2013\/6) following European directives on the use of laboratory animals in research and the ARRIVE guidelines.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Hadzic has consulted and\/or performed sponsored research for Philipps, Pacira, BBraun Medical, and Heron Therapeutics. He owns and manages NYSORA.com (education), MedXpress.Pro (IP), and VisionExpo,Design (medical design). The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"247"}}