{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:34:56Z","timestamp":1753886096936},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595462400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a rare form of cardiomyopathy currently described in humans and cats. It consists of a spongy myocardium characterized by prominent trabeculation and deep recesses involving more than 50% of the ventricular thickness. We describe the clinical and pathological features of LVNC combined with tricuspid valve dysplasia, double-orifice tricuspid valve and severe pulmonary stenosis in a puppy. In addition, we briefly review the LVNC causes, pathogenesis, forms and current diagnostic criteria.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A seven-week-old intact German Shorthaired Pointer-cross male was presented with a poor body condition, exercise intolerance and dyspnea. Clinical exam identified a bilateral systolic murmur (grade IV\/VI over the right heart base and grade III\/VI over the left heart base). Echocardiography identified tricuspid valve dysplasia, mild mitral regurgitation, and severe pulmonic stenosis with a trans-valvar systolic pressure gradient of 106\u00a0mmHg. Left ventricular noncompaction was diagnosed by necropsy and further confirmed histopathologically by the presence of two distinct myocardial layers: an inner noncompacted zone covering more than 50% of ventricular thickness containing prominent trabeculation and deep recesses, and an outer zone of compact myocardium.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This is the first case describing LVNC in a canine patient, supporting the introduction of this form of heart disease as a differential diagnosis for cardiomyopathies in juvenile and adult dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02480-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T12:03:26Z","timestamp":1595505806000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Canine infantile left ventricular noncompaction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Vilcu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iuliu","family":"Scurtu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan G.","family":"Ohad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ionel","family":"Papuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Scurtu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flaviu","family":"Tabaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2480_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2014.10.005","volume":"65","author":"U Ikeda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ikeda U, Minamisawa M, Koyama J. Isolated left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy in adults. J Cardiol. 2015;65:91\u20137.","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"2480_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.207","volume":"14","author":"J Finsterer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finsterer J, Stollberger C, Towbin JA. Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy: cardiac, neuromuscular, and genetic factors. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14:224\u201337.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2480_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02723-6","volume":"90","author":"C Stollberger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stollberger C, Finsterer J, Blazek G. Left ventricular hypertrabeculation\/noncompaction and association with additional cardiac abnormalities and neuromuscular disorders. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:899\u2013902.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2480_CR4","first-page":"2","volume":"6","author":"PN Morcos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morcos PN, Andersson UME, Adler ED. Left ventricular non-compaction: current controversy and new insights. J Genet Syndr Gene Ther. 2014;6:2.","journal-title":"J Genet Syndr Gene Ther"},{"key":"2480_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.08-VP-0291-G-CR","volume":"46","author":"HB Gelberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gelberg HB. Purkinje fiber dysplasia (histiocytoid cardiomyopathy) with ventricular noncompaction in a savannah kitten. Vet Pathol. 2009;46:693\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2480_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14663","volume":"31","author":"MD Kittleson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kittleson MD, Fox PR, Basso C, Thiene G. Naturally Occurring Biventricular Noncompaction in an Adult Domestic Cat. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31:527\u201331.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2480_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-009-9406-5","volume":"30","author":"H Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen H, Zhang W, Li D, Cordes TM, Mark Payne R, Shou W. Analysis of ventricular hypertrabeculation and noncompaction using genetically engineered mouse models. Pediatr Cardiol. 2009;30:626\u201334.","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"2480_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.12.013","volume":"465","author":"X Dong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dong X, Fan P, Tian T, Yang Y, Xiao Y, Yang K, Liu Y, Zhou X. Recent advancements in the molecular genetics of left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy. Clin Chim Acta. 2017;465:40\u20134.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2480_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A17517","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.130.suppl_2.17517","volume":"130","author":"J Haas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haas J, Feng Z, Geier C, Pribe-Wolferts R, Frese KS, Kayvanpour E, Sedaghat-Hamedani F, Peil B, Lorenzo Bermejo J, Franke J. Genetics of Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2014;130:A17517\u20137.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2480_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1993.tb01015.x","volume":"7","author":"WP Thomas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Thomas WP, Gaber CE, Jacobs GJ, Kaplan PM, Lombard CW, Moise NS, Moses BL. Recommendations for standards in transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat. Echocardiography Committee of the Specialty of Cardiology, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. J Vet Intern Med. 1993;7:247\u201352.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2480_CR11","first-page":"495","volume-title":"Veterinary echocardiography","author":"JA Boon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boon JA. Veterinary echocardiography. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley; 2011. p. 495\u2013501.","edition":"2"},{"key":"2480_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13127","volume":"33","author":"M Dabirian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dabirian M, Nabati M, Jalalian R, Shokri M. Double-Orifice Tricuspid Valve: A Case Report and Literature Review. Echocardiography. 2016;33:479\u201383.","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"2480_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezr159","volume":"41","author":"T Gajjar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gajjar T, Desai N. Double-orifice tricuspid valve: a rare entity. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;41:1187\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2480_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.29.6.943","volume":"29","author":"A Sanchez Carlos","year":"1967","unstructured":"Sanchez Carlos A, Rabago P, Sokolowski M. Duplication of the tricuspid valve. Br Heart J. 1967;29:943\u20136.","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"2480_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2005.02.004","volume":"36","author":"A Burke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Burke A, Mont E, Kutys R, Virmani R. Left ventricular noncompaction: a pathological study of 14 cases. Hum Pathol. 2005;36:403\u201311.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2480_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2013.05.015","volume":"93","author":"AK Arndt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arndt AK, Schafer S, Drenckhahn JD, Sabeh MK, Plovie ER, Caliebe A, Klopocki E, Musso G, Werdich AA, Kalwa H, Heinig M, Padera RF, Wassilew K, Bluhm J, Harnack C, Martitz J, Barton PJ, Greutmann M, Berger F, Hubner N, Siebert R, Kramer HH, Cook SA, MacRae CA, Klaassen S. Fine mapping of the 1p36 deletion syndrome identifies mutation of PRDM16 as a cause of cardiomyopathy. Am J Hum Genet. 2013;93:67\u201377.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2480_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000146455","volume":"130","author":"JM Icardo","year":"1987","unstructured":"Icardo JM, Fernandez-Teran A. Morphologic study of ventricular trabeculation in the embryonic chick heart. Acta Anat (Basel). 1987;130:264\u201374.","journal-title":"Acta Anat (Basel)"},{"key":"2480_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31366","volume":"163C","author":"LA Samsa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Samsa LA, Yang B, Liu J. Embryonic cardiac chamber maturation: Trabeculation, conduction, and cardiomyocyte proliferation. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2013;163C:157\u201368.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet"},{"key":"2480_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/35146","volume":"391","author":"W Shou","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shou W, Aghdasi B, Armstrong DL, Guo Q, Bao S, Charng MJ, Mathews LM, Schneider MD, Hamilton SL, Matzuk MM. Cardiac defects and altered ryanodine receptor function in mice lacking FKBP12. Nature. 1998;391:489\u201392.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2480_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-CM-18-000061","volume":"69","author":"JG Vilches-Moure","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vilches-Moure JG. Embryonic Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) as a Model of Cardiac Biology and Development. Comp Med. 2019;69:184\u2013203.","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"2480_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-008-9382-1","volume":"30","author":"SF Tsai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tsai SF, Ebenroth ES, Hurwitz RA, Cordes TM, Schamberger MS, Batra AS. Is left ventricular noncompaction in children truly an isolated lesion? Pediatr Cardiol. 2009;30:597\u2013602.","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"2480_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.2.507","volume":"82","author":"TK Chin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chin TK, Perloff JK, Williams RG, Jue K, Mohrmann R. Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium. A study of eight cases. Circulation. 1990;82:507\u201313.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2480_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.86.6.666","volume":"86","author":"R Jenni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jenni R, Oechslin E, Schneider J, Attenhofer Jost C, Kaufmann PA. Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2001;86:666\u201371.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2480_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01765-X","volume":"39","author":"R Jenni","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jenni R, Wyss CA, Oechslin EN, Kaufmann PA. Isolated ventricular noncompaction is associated with coronary microcirculatory dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:450\u20134.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2480_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.03.045","volume":"46","author":"SE Petersen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Petersen SE, Selvanayagam JB, Wiesmann F, Robson MD, Francis JM, Anderson RH, Watkins H, Neubauer S. Left ventricular non-compaction: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:101\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2480_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-302816","volume":"99","author":"P Thavendiranathan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thavendiranathan P, Dahiya A, Phelan D, Desai MY, Tang WH. Isolated left ventricular non-compaction controversies in diagnostic criteria, adverse outcomes and management. Heart. 2013;99:681\u20139.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2480_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2010.01.002","volume":"103","author":"F Thuny","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thuny F, Jacquier A, Jop B, Giorgi R, Gaubert JY, Bartoli JM, Moulin G, Habib G. Assessment of left ventricular non-compaction in adults: side-by-side comparison of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with echocardiography. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;103:150\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2480_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp595","volume":"31","author":"A Jacquier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jacquier A, Thuny F, Jop B, Giorgi R, Cohen F, Gaubert JY, Vidal V, Bartoli JM, Habib G, Moulin G. Measurement of trabeculated left ventricular mass using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1098\u2013104.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2480_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000132478.60674.D0","volume":"109","author":"BC Weiford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weiford BC, Subbarao VD, Mulhern KM. Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium. Circulation. 2004;109:2965\u201371.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2480_CR30","first-page":"170","volume":"3","author":"K Shemisa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shemisa K, Li J, Tam M, Barcena J. Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2013;3:170\u20135.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"2480_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.1.111","volume":"91","author":"WH Lamers","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lamers WH, Viragh S, Wessels A, Moorman AF, Anderson RH. Formation of the tricuspid valve in the human heart. Circulation. 1995;91:111\u201321.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2480_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2069.115269","volume":"6","author":"A Sapre","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sapre A, Gopalraj SS, Kottayil BP, Kumar RK. An unusual example of isolated double-orifice tricuspid valve. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2013;6:162\u20133.","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Cardiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02480-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02480-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02480-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T23:31:11Z","timestamp":1626996671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02480-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02480-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The owner of the dog gave written consent for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The datasets used and\/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and materials"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"255"}}