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Moreover, the bacteria carrying resistant genes and originating from swine feces and wastewater could spread to the external environment. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are widely used in livestock and poultry for the treatment of bacterial infection. However, resistance to FQs has increased markedly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, swine feces and wastewater were sampled from 21 swine farms of seven provinces in China to investigate the prevalence of FQ resistance, including plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and the occurrence of target mutations. All isolates showed moderate rate of resistance to norfloxacin (43.0%), ciprofloxacin (47.6%), ofloxacin (47.0%) and levofloxacin (38.8%). The percentage of strains resistant to the four FQs antimicrobials was positively correlated with the danofloxacin (DANO) MIC. Among the 74 FQ-resistant isolates, 39 (52.70%) had mutations in\n                      <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (S83L and D87 to N, Y, G, or H), 21 (28.38%) had mutations in\n                      <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      (S80I and E84K), 2 (2.70%) had mutations in\n                      <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic>\n                      (I355T and L416F), 26 (35.14%) had mutations in\n                      <jats:italic>marR<\/jats:italic>\n                      (D67N and G103S), 1 (1.35%) had mutations in\n                      <jats:italic>acrR<\/jats:italic>\n                      (V29G). While, no mutation was found in\n                      <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n                      . There were 7 (9.46%) strains carried the\n                      <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene, 29 (39.19%) strains carried the\n                      <jats:italic>oqxAB<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene, and 9 (12.16%) strains carried the\n                      <jats:italic>aac (6\u2032)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. In addition, the conjugation assays showed that\n                      <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>oqxAB<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>aac (6\u2032)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n                      could be successfully transferred to\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      J53 from 4 (57.1%), 20 (69.0%) and 5 (55.6%) donor strains, respectively. There were no\n                      <jats:italic>qnrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>qnrB<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>qnrC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>qnrD<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>qepA<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes detected.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study showed that DANO-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains isolated from swine farms had significant cross-resistance to other four FQs antimicrobials. Further study revealed that the resistance mechanisms of swine-derived\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      to FQs may be attributable to the occurrence of chromosomal mutations (\n                      <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>marR<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>acrR<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes double-site or single-site mutation) and the presence of PMQR genes (\n                      <jats:italic>qnrS, oqxAB and aac (6\u2032)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). To the best of our knowledge, one novel mutation\n                      <jats:italic>marR<\/jats:italic>\n                      -D67N was found to be associated with FQ resistance, two mutations\n                      <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic>\n                      -L416F and\n                      <jats:italic>acrR<\/jats:italic>\n                      -V29G have never been reported in China.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02483-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T08:02:53Z","timestamp":1595923373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The prevalence and mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from swine farms in China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saqib Ali","family":"Fazilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2083-8105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2483_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.11.003","volume":"6","author":"Z Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen Z, Hu Y, Sun Q, Hu F, Zhou H, Shu L, Ma T, Shen Y, Wang Y, Li J, et al. 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