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Reprogramming of ASCs can be induced by the growth medium with neurogenic inductors and specific growth factors. We investigated the neural differentiation potential of canine ASCs using several growth media (KEM, NIMa, NIMb, NIMc) containing various combinations of neurogenic inductors: B27 supplement, valproic acid, forskolin, N2-supplement, and retinoic acid. Cells were first preconditioned in the pre-differentiation neural induction medium (mitogenically stimulated; STIM1), followed by the induction of neuronal differentiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After 3, 6, and 9 days of neural induction, elongated neural-like cells with bipolar elongations were observed, and some oval cells with light nuclei appeared. The expression of neuronal markers tubulin beta III (TUBB3), neurofilament H (NF-H), microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was observed using immunocytochemistry, which confirmed the differentiation into neurons and glial cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed high GFAP expression (between 70 and 90% of all cells) after cells had been growing three days in the neural induction medium a (NIMa). Around 25% of all cells also expressed adult neuronal markers NF-H and MAP2. After nine days of ASCs differentiation, the expression of all neural markers was reduced. There were no differences between the neural differentiation of ASCs isolated from female or male dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The differentiation repertoire of canine ASCs extends beyond mesodermal lineages. Using a defined neural induction medium, the canine ASCs differentiated into neural lineages and expressed markers of neuronal and glial cells, and also displayed the typical neuronal morphology. Differentiated ASCs can thus be a source of neural cellular lineages for the regenerative therapy of nerve damage and could be useful in the future for therapy or the modelling of neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02493-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T13:03:48Z","timestamp":1597064628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Neural differentiation of canine mesenchymal stem cells\/multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sonja","family":"Prpar Mihevc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Kokondoska Grgich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreja Nata\u0161a","family":"Kopitar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luka","family":"Mohori\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Majdi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2493_CR1","first-page":"89","volume":"129","author":"L Ferroni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferroni L, Gardin C, Tocco I, Epis R, Casadei A, Vindigni V, et al. 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All dog owners gave a written consent that they allow the use of dogs\u2019 adipose tissue for research purpose. All the experiments were performed according to the procedures and guidelines approved by the National Health Service branch of the Slovenian Ministry of Health.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"\u2018Not applicable\u2019.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"G.M. is partial owner of Animacel Ltd., L.M. is the CEO of Animacel Ltd.. Other authors have no competing interests to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"282"}}