{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T23:57:19Z","timestamp":1793923039555,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Poultry houses are often highly contaminated with dust, which might contain considerable amounts of microorganisms and endotoxins. The concentrations of microorganisms and endotoxins in dust from laying hen houses in Egypt are unknown. However, to estimate the risks for birds, the environment, and people working in laying hen houses, it is important to gather information about the composition of these dusts. Here we report the microbial loads, the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, and endotoxin concentrations in dust samples from 28 laying hen farms in Dakahliya Governorate, Egypt, and discuss the results relevant to the literature.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pooled settled dust samples (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200928) were analyzed for total viable counts of bacteria and fungi (CFU\/g), the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp., and methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA), and endotoxin concentrations (ng\/g). The means and standard deviations of total viable counts were 7.10\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\u2009\u00b1\u20092.55\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2009CFU\/g for bacteria and 5.37\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\u2009\u00b1\u20097.26\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\u2009CFU\/g for fungi. Endotoxin levels varied from 2.9\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> to 6.27\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\u2009ng\/g. None of the tested samples contained <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp. or MRSA. In contrast, by direct plating, <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> were found frequently (57%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916), and suspected ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> occurred in 21% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096) of the sampled barns. Using an enrichment method, the detection of <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> and suspected ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> increased to 20 and 16 positive barns, respectively. Taking results from both methods into account, <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> and suspected ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> were detected in 23 barns Overall, 100 ESBL suspected isolates (<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200964; <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920; and <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916) were identified to species level by MALDI-TOF MS. Isolates from 20 barns (71% positive barns) were confirmed as ESBL producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> by the broth microdilution test.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Dust in Egyptian laying hen houses contains high concentrations of microorganisms and endotoxins, which might impair the health of birds and farmers when inhaled. Furthermore, laying hens in Egypt seem to be a reservoir for ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>. Thus, farmers are at risk of exposure to ESBL-producing bacteria, and colonized hens might transmit these bacteria into the food chain.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02510-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T14:03:06Z","timestamp":1598277786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, microbial loads, and endotoxin levels in dust from laying hen houses in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marwa F. 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J Vet Sci. 2016;17(4):531\u20138.","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2510_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03032","volume":"92","author":"S Le Bouquin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Le Bouquin S, Huneau-Salaun A, Huonnic D, Balaine L, Martin S, Michel V. Aerial dust concentration in cage-housed, floor-housed, and aviary facilities for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 2013;92(11):2827\u201333.","journal-title":"Poultry Sci"},{"key":"2510_CR49","unstructured":"Springorum A, Hartung J. Airborne moulds, dust and endotoxins in four alternative housing systems for laying hens. Lohmann Information. 2012:41\u20134."},{"issue":"5","key":"2510_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2011.617728","volume":"52","author":"A Huneau-Salaun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huneau-Salaun A, Le Bouquin S, Bex-Capelle V, Huonnic D, Balaine L, Guillam MT, et al. Endotoxin concentration in poultry houses for laying hens kept in cages or in alternative housing systems. Brit Poultry Sci. 2011;52(5):523\u201330.","journal-title":"Brit Poultry Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02510-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02510-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02510-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T23:48:03Z","timestamp":1629762483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02510-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02510-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"According to the rules of the Ethical Committee for Animal Experiments at Mansoura University (Mansoura, Egypt), a research protocol must be reviewed by the committee when experiments on animals are conducted in a study. In this study, no experiments on animals were conducted. While collecting the dust samples from laying hen houses, animals were not touched or affected adversely by the sampling method. Prior to the collection of dust samples, farm owners gave informed verbal approval to participate in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"301"}}