{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:46:03Z","timestamp":1791499563462,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2006-13743\/GAN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2006-13743\/GAN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>M.<\/jats:italic>)<jats:italic>hyopneumoniae<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>M. hyorhinis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>M. hyosynoviae<\/jats:italic>are significant pathogens for the porcine industry worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of six key antimicrobials (tylosin, tilmicosin, tylvalosin, lincomycin, tiamulin and valnemulin) routinely used for treating infections caused by these pathogens. Twenty-seven<jats:italic>M. hyopneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, 48\u2009<jats:italic>M. hyorhinis<\/jats:italic>and 40\u2009<jats:italic>M. hyosynoviae<\/jats:italic>field strains isolated from clinical samples from different Southern European countries between 2013 and 2018 using broth microdilution method were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tylvalosin exhibited the highest in vitro activity among the macrolides assayed, with MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>values 4 to 5 two-fold dilutions lower than those of tylosin and tilmicosin. The pleuromutilin valnemulin showed one of the highest in vitro activities against the three mycoplasma species. On the contrary, lincomycin exhibited the highest MIC values of the antimicrobials tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data obtained in the present study supports the use of pleuromutilins and macrolides for the control of infections caused by porcine mycoplasmas. The use of lincomycin for the treatment of porcine mycoplasma infections should be carefully evaluated due to the presence of circulating field isolates with decreased susceptibility to this antimicrobial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02512-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T06:02:39Z","timestamp":1599112959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of porcine mycoplasmas isolated from samples collected in southern Europe"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rub\u00e9n S.","family":"Rosales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8721-775X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana S.","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda M.","family":"Tav\u00edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Poveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 B.","family":"Poveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2512_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.15.4.983","volume":"15","author":"M Kobisch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kobisch M, Friis N. Swine mycoplasmoses. Rev Sci Tech. 1996;15:1569\u2013605.","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"2512_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.07.023","volume":"202","author":"LE Hoelzle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoelzle LE, Zeder M, Felder KM, Hoelzle K. Pathobiology of Mycoplasma suis. Vet J. 2014;202:20\u20135.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2512_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12677","volume":"65","author":"D Maes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maes D, Sibila M, Kuhnert P, Segal\u00e9s J, Haesebrouck F, Pieters M. Update on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs: knowledge gaps for improved disease control. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65:110\u201324.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"2512_CR4","volume-title":"Porcine respiratory disease complex","author":"SL Brockmeier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brockmeier SL, Halbur PG, Thacker EL. Porcine respiratory disease complex. In: Kim A Brogden KA, Guthmiller JM, editors. Polymicrobial Diseases. ASM Press; 2012. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK2481\/. ."},{"key":"2512_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.04.019","volume":"165","author":"S Simionatto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simionatto S, Marchioro SB, Maes D, Dellagostin OA. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: from disease to vaccine development. Vet Microbiol. 2013;165:234\u201342.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2512_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.09.008","volume":"126","author":"D Maes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maes D, Segales J, Meyns T, Sibila M, Pieters M, Haesebrouck F. Control of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs. Vet Microbiol. 2008;126:297\u2013309.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2512_CR7","unstructured":"Done S, Williamson SM, Strugnell BW. Nervous and Locomotor Systems. In: Zimmerman J, Karriker L, Ramirez A, Schwartz K, Stevenson G, editors. Diseases of Swine. 10th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. p. 294\u2013328."},{"key":"2512_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roos LR, Surendran Nair M, Rendahl AK, Pieters M. Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae dual detection patterns in dams and piglets. PLoS One. 2019 3;14:1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209975"},{"key":"2512_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(98)00169-2","volume":"61","author":"D Pillman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pillman D, Surendran Nair M, Schwartz J, Pieters M. Detection of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae in oral fluids and correlation with pig lameness scores. Vet Microbiol. 2019 239;108448.:1-5.10. Aarestrup F, Friis N. antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae isolated from pigs during 1968 to 1971 and during 1995 and 1996. Vet Microbiol. 1998;61:33\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2512_CR10","unstructured":"Thacker EL, Minion FC. Mycoplasmosis. In: Zimmerman J, Karriker L, Ramirez A, Schwartz K, Stevenson G, editors. Diseases of Swine. 10th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. p. 779\u2013797."},{"key":"2512_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03547817","volume":"39","author":"FM Aarestrup","year":"1998","unstructured":"Aarestrup FM, Friis NF, Szancer J. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma hyorhinis in a liquid medium compared to a disc assay. Acta Vet Scand. 1998;39:145\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"2512_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00221-2","volume":"76","author":"CC Wu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wu CC, Shryock TR, Lin TL, Faderan M, Veenhuizen MF. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Vet Microbiol. 2000;76:25\u201330.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2512_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.31.1.2100","volume":"31","author":"P Silley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Silley P, Simjee S, Schwarz S. Surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in humans and animals. Rev Sci Tech. 2012;31:105\u201320.","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"2512_CR14","unstructured":"Anonymous. OIE List of Antimicrobials of Veterinary Importance. 2007. https:\/\/www.oie.int\/doc\/ged\/D9840.PDF. Accessed 25 September 2019."},{"key":"2512_CR15","first-page":"17","volume":"39","author":"BJ Zimmermann","year":"1975","unstructured":"Zimmermann BJ, Ross RF. Determination of sensitivity of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae to tylosin and selected antibacterial drugs by a microtiter technique. Can J Comp Med. 1975;39:17\u201321.","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med"},{"key":"2512_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(97)90010-2","volume":"63","author":"PCT Hannan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hannan PCT, Windsor HM, Ripley PH. In vitro susceptibilities of recent field isolates of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae to valnemulin (Econor\u00ae), tiamulin and enrofloxacin and the in vitro development of resistance to certain antimicrobial agents in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Res Vet Sci. 1997;63:157\u201360.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2512_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102458","volume":"175","author":"MM Tavio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tavio MM, Poveda C, Assuncao P, Ram\u00edrez AS, Poveda JB. In vitro activity of tylvalosin against Spanish field strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Rec. 2014;175:539\u201342.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2512_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1266-2","volume":"13","author":"Z Kreizinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kreizinger Z, Gr\u00f3zner D, Sulyok KM, Nilsson K, Hrivn\u00e1k V, Ben\u010dina D, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Mycoplasma synoviae strains originating from central and Eastern Europe. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13:342\u201351.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2512_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0799-0","volume":"12","author":"D Gr\u00f3zner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gr\u00f3zner D, Kreizinger Z, Sulyok KM, R\u00f3nai Z, Hrivn\u00e1k V, Turcs\u00e1nyi I, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Mycoplasma sp. 1220 strains isolated from geese in Hungary. BMC Vet Res. 2016;12:170\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2512_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.11.027","volume":"228","author":"K Bek\u0151","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bek\u0151 K, Felde O, Sulyok KM, Kreizinger Z, Hrivn\u00e1k V, Kiss K, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of mycoplasma hyorhinis strains isolated from swine in Hungary. Vet Microbiol. 2019;228:196\u2013201.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2512_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2014-000079","volume":"2","author":"FJ Pallar\u00e9s","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pallar\u00e9s FJ, Lasa C, Roozen M, Ramis G. Use of tylvalosin in the control of porcine enzootic pneumonia. Vet Rec Open. 2015;2:e000079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vetreco-2014-000079 eCollection 2015.","journal-title":"Vet Rec Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"2512_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209030","volume":"13","author":"O Felde","year":"2018","unstructured":"Felde O, Kreizinger Z, Sulyok KM, Hrivn\u00e1k V, Kiss K, Jerzsele \u00c1, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of mycoplasma hyopneumoniae field isolates from Central Europe for fifteen antibiotics by microbroth dilution method. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0209030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0209030.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2512_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.04.012","volume":"204","author":"U Klein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Klein U, de Jong A, Moyaert H, El Garch F, Leon R, Richard-Mazet A, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma bovis isolated in Europe. Vet Microbiol. 2017;204:188\u201393.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2512_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.11.4470-4472.2004","volume":"48","author":"J Vicca","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vicca J, Stakenborg T, Maes D, Butaye P, Peeters J, de Kruif A, et al. In vitro susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae field isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:4470\u20132.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2512_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6033","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01250-12","volume":"56","author":"NM Andersen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andersen NM, Poehlsgaard J, Warrass R, Douthwaite S. Inhibition of protein synthesis on the ribosome by tildipirosin compared with other veterinary macrolides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:6033\u20136.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2512_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.12-0520","volume":"75","author":"P Thongkamkoon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thongkamkoon P, Narongsak W, Kobayashi H, Pathanasophon P, Kishima M, Yamamoto K. In vitro susceptibility of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae field isolates and occurrence of Fluoroquinolone, macrolides and Lincomycin resistance. J Vet Med Sci. 2013;75:1067\u201370.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2512_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/1123","volume":"27","author":"RC Robbins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robbins RC, Betlach AM, Mondragon-Evans MR, Pieters M. Development of a herd-specific lung homogenate for exposure to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae under field conditions. J Swine Health Prod. 2019;27:221\u20137.","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod"},{"key":"2512_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.58.11_1107","volume":"58","author":"H Kobayashi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kobayashi H, Sonmez N, Morozumi T, Mitani K, Ito N, Shiono H. In vitro susceptibility of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae and M. hyorhinis to antimicrobial agents. J Vet Med Sci. 1996;58:1107\u201311.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2512_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.02.028","volume":"200","author":"S Py\u00f6r\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2014","unstructured":"Py\u00f6r\u00e4l\u00e4 S, Baptiste KE, Catry B, van Duijkeren E, Greko C, Moreno MA. Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs: use and development of antimicrobial resistance. Vet J. 2014;200:230\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2512_CR30","first-page":"144","volume":"308","author":"BB Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li BB, Shen JZ, Cao XY, Wang Y, Dai L, Huang SY, et al. Mutations in 23S rRNA gene associated with decreased susceptibility to tiamulin and valnemulin in Mycoplasma gallisepticum. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2010;308:144\u20139.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"2512_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.67.795","volume":"67","author":"H Kobayashi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kobayashi H, Nakajima H, Shimizu Y, et al. Macrolides and Lincomycin susceptibility of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and variable mutation of domain II and V in 23S ribosomal RNA. J Vet Med Sci. 2005;67:795\u2013800.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2512_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-005-1866-3","volume":"29","author":"P Assun\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2005","unstructured":"Assun\u00e7\u00e3o P, De la Fe C, Kokotovic B, Gonz\u00e1lez O, Poveda JB. The occurrence of mycoplasmas in the lungs of swine in gran Canaria (Spain). Vet Res Commun. 2005;29:453\u201362.","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"2512_CR33","first-page":"337","volume":"27","author":"NF Friis","year":"1975","unstructured":"Friis NF. Some recommendations concerning primary isolation of Mycoplasma suipneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare a survey. Nord Vet Med. 1975;27:337\u20139.","journal-title":"Nord Vet Med"},{"key":"2512_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04556.x","volume":"108","author":"C Marois","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marois C, Dory D, Fablet C, Madec F, Kobisch M. Development of a quantitative real-time TaqMan PCR assay for determination of the minimal dose of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 116 required to induce pneumonia in SPF pigs. J Appl Microbiol. 2010;108:1523\u201333.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2512_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2000100","volume":"31","author":"PCT Hannan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hannan PCT. Guidelines and recommendations for antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing against veterinary mycoplasma species. Vet Res. 2000;31:373\u201395.","journal-title":"Vet Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02512-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02512-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02512-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T20:10:10Z","timestamp":1696623010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02512-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02512-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"324"}}