{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T01:19:50Z","timestamp":1793582390265,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1009497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1009497"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Taenia solium<\/jats:italic> taeniasis\/cysticercosis is a disease of substantial economic and public health importance particularly in low\u2013income countries. The disease was reported to be endemic in Mbeya Rural and Mbozi districts, in the southern highlands of Tanzania, the major pig production area in the country. In 2008, using B158\/B60 antigen detection enzyme\u2013linked immunosorbent assay (Ag\u2013ELISA), porcine cysticercosis prevalence of up to 32% was reported in the districts. A number of interventions have been implemented in selected villages including an integrated approach consisting of improving pig confinement and selective treatment of pigs with oxfendazole. Mass drug administration with praziquantel targeting schistosomiasis, with an expected effect on <jats:italic>T. solium<\/jats:italic>, was also provided to school\u2013age children in the area. This study aimed at providing an update on prevalence and intensities of porcine cysticercosis; and assessing farmers\u2019 knowledge, attitudes and practices which could be associated to disease transmission in the area. The study involved a questionnaire survey conducted using face\u2013to\u2013face household interviews with 890 consenting farmers; and carcass dissections performed on 282 pigs randomly selected from the surveyed households.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twenty\u2013six pigs (9.2%) were infected with <jats:italic>T. solium<\/jats:italic>; of which two\u2013thirds (65.4%) had light to moderate infection intensities (1\u20131000 cysticerci), and one\u2013third (34.6%) had heavy intensities (&gt;\u20091000 cysticerci). Questionnaire results showed that only 5.7% of the respondents perceived <jats:italic>T. solium<\/jats:italic> cysticercosis to be an important disease in pigs. About 18.5% of the respondents were aware of <jats:italic>T. solium<\/jats:italic> taeniasis, but 32% of them were unaware of how the infection is acquired. Half of the respondents had seen cysticerci in pork, of whom 61% were not aware that consumption of infected pork could cause taeniasis. Latrines were observed to often (90%) lack doors with 45% considered accessible to pigs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study provided an evidence that the disease was still endemic in the area. Poor knowledge of farmers, attitudes, and risky practices responsible for disease perpetuation were also revealed. A One Health approach targeting the whole area incorporating improvement of farmer knowledge regarding disease transmission needs to be trialed as a feasible approach to control.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02543-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T11:03:42Z","timestamp":1599131022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Endemicity of Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs from Mbeya Rural and Mbozi districts, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8621-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mwemezi L.","family":"Kabululu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena A.","family":"Ngowi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E. D.","family":"Mlangwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernatus M.","family":"Mkupasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uffe C.","family":"Braae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Trevisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Colston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Cordel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria V.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2543_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0938-7","volume":"8","author":"U Braae","year":"2015","unstructured":"Braae U, Saarnak C, Mukaratirwa S, Devleesschauwer B, Magnussen P, Johansen M. Taenia solium taeniosis\/cysticercosis and the co-distribution with schistosomiasis in Africa. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0938-7.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2543_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Braae UC, Hung NM, Satrija F, Khieu V, Zhou X-N, Willingham AL. Porcine cysticercosis (Taenia solium and Taenia asiatica): mapping occurrence and areas potentially at risk in east and Southeast Asia. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3203-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3203-z"},{"key":"2543_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Braae UC, Devleesschauwer B, Sithole F, Wang Z, Willingham AL. Mapping occurrence of Taenia solium taeniosis\/cysticercosis and areas at risk of porcine cysticercosis in Central America and the Caribbean basin. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2362-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2362-7"},{"key":"2543_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00013997","volume":"69","author":"ME Boa","year":"1995","unstructured":"Boa ME, B\u00f8gh HO, Kassuku AA, Nansen P. The prevalence of Taenia solium metacestodes in pigs in northern Tanzania. J Helminthol. 1995;69:113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022149X00013997.","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"2543_CR5","first-page":"161","volume":"43","author":"GRM Nsengwa","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nsengwa GRM, Mbise AN. Porcine cysticercosis in Tanzania: preliminary findings. Bull Animal Health Production Africa. 1995;43:161\u20132.","journal-title":"Bull Animal Health Production Africa"},{"key":"2543_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.09.020","volume":"198","author":"EVG Komba","year":"2013","unstructured":"Komba EVG, Kimbi EC, Ngowi HA, Kimera SI, Mlangwa JE, Lekule FP, et al. Prevalence of porcine cysticercosis and associated risk factors in smallholder pig production systems in Mbeya region, southern highlands of Tanzania. Vet Parasitol. 2013;198:284\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.09.020.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2543_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0836-1","volume":"47","author":"CP Lipendele","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lipendele CP, Lekule FP, Mushi DE, Ngowi H, Kimbi EC, Mejer H, et al. Productivity and parasitic infections of pigs kept under different management systems by smallholder farmers in Mbeya and Mbozi districts, Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2015;47:1121\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-015-0836-1.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"2543_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002102","volume":"7","author":"G Mwanjali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mwanjali G, Kihamia C, Kakoko DVC, Lekule F, Ngowi H, Johansen MV, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with human Taenia solium infections in Mbozi District, Mbeya region, Tanzania. PLoS Neglected Tropical Dis. 2013;7:e2102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002102.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Dis"},{"key":"2543_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.08.009","volume":"214","author":"UC Braae","year":"2015","unstructured":"Braae UC, Harrison W, Lekule F, Magnussen P, Johansen MV. Feedstuff and poor latrines may put pigs at risk of cysticercosis \u2014 a case-control study. Vet Parasitol. 2015;214:187\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.08.009.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2543_CR10","volume-title":"Preventable epilepsy: Taenia solium infection burdens economies, societies and individuals: a rationale for investment and action","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Preventable epilepsy: Taenia solium infection burdens economies, societies and individuals: a rationale for investment and action. 2016. Available: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/204716\/1\/9789241549486_eng.pdf."},{"key":"2543_CR11","volume-title":"FAO\/WHO\/OIE Guidelines for the Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Taeniosis\/cysticercosis. World Organization for Animal Health Paris","author":"KD Murrell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Murrell KD, Dorny P, Flisser A, Geerts S, Kyvsgaard NC, McManus DP, et al. FAO\/WHO\/OIE Guidelines for the Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Taeniosis\/cysticercosis. World Organization for Animal Health Paris; 2005."},{"key":"2543_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000047","volume":"106","author":"AS Winkler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Winkler AS. Neurocysticercosis in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of prevalence, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management. Pathogens Global Health. 2012;106:261\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000047.","journal-title":"Pathogens Global Health"},{"key":"2543_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000870","volume":"4","author":"PC Ndimubanzi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ndimubanzi PC, Carabin H, Budke CM, Nguyen H, Qian Y-J, Rainwater E, et al. A Systematic Review of the Frequency of Neurocyticercosis with a Focus on People with Epilepsy. Preux P-M, editor. PLoS Neglected Tropical Dis. 2010;4:e870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000870.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Dis"},{"key":"2543_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Trevisan C, Devleesschauwer B, Schmidt V, Winkler AS, Harrison W, Johansen MV. The societal cost of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Tanzania. Acta Tropica. 2016 [cited 19 Apr 2016]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.12.021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.12.021"},{"key":"2543_CR15","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Research Priorities for Tanzania 2015\u20132020. Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology","author":"COSTECH","year":"2016","unstructured":"COSTECH. Research Priorities for Tanzania 2015\u20132020. Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology; 2016. p. 33. Available: http:\/\/www.costech.or.tz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/TANZANIA-RESEARCH-PRIORITIES-2015-2020.compressed.pdf."},{"key":"2543_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2018.03.009","volume":"13","author":"ML Kabululu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kabululu ML, Ngowi HA, Kimera SI, Lekule FP, Kimbi EC, Johansen MV. Effectiveness of an integrated intervention in the control of endo- and ectoparasites of pigs kept by smallholder farmers in Mbeya rural and Mbozi districts, Tanzania. Vet Parasitol. 2018;13:64\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2018.03.009.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2543_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pawlowski ZS. Efficacy of low doses of praziquantel in taeniasis. Acta Tropica. 1990;48: 83\u201388. doi:org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0001-706X(90)90046-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(90)90046-3"},{"key":"2543_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2016.08.004","volume":"1","author":"UC Braae","year":"2016","unstructured":"Braae UC, Magnussen P, Harrison W, Ndawi B, Lekule F, Johansen MV. Effect of National Schistosomiasis Control Programme on Taenia solium taeniosis and porcine cysticercosis in rural communities of Tanzania. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2016;1:245\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parepi.2016.08.004.","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"key":"2543_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2015.08.004","volume":"45","author":"MW Lightowlers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lightowlers MW, Assana E, Jayashi CM, Gauci CG, Donadeu M. Sensitivity of partial carcass dissection for assessment of porcine cysticercosis at necropsy. Int J Parasitol. 2015;45:815\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2015.08.004.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2543_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00037-7","volume":"106","author":"ME Boa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boa ME, Kassuku AA, Willingham AL, Keyyu JD, Phiri IK, Nansen P. Distribution and density of cysticerci of Taenia solium by muscle groups and organs in naturally infected local finished pigs in Tanzania. Vet Parasitol. 2002;106:155\u201364 Available: http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0304401702000377.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2543_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.06.010","volume":"128","author":"EM Mkupasi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mkupasi EM, Ngowi HA, Sikasunge CS, Leifsson PS, Johansen MV. Efficacy of ivermectin and oxfendazole against Taenia solium cysticercosis and other parasitoses in naturally infected pigs. Acta Trop. 2013;128:48\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.06.010.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2543_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2005314","volume":"80","author":"IK Phiri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Phiri IK, Dorny P, Gabriel S, Iii WAL, Sikasunge C, Siziya S, et al. Assessment of routine inspection methods for porcine cysticercosis in Zambian village pigs. J Helminthol. 2006;80:69\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/JOH2005314.","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"2543_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.194","volume":"43","author":"AE Gonzalez","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gonzalez AE, Cama V, Gilman RH, Tsang VCW, Pilcher JB, Chavera A, et al. Prevalence and comparison of serologic assays, necropsy, and tongue examination for the diagnosis of porcine Cysticercosis in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hygiene. 1990;43:194\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.194.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hygiene"},{"key":"2543_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2192","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002192","volume":"7","author":"CM Gavidia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gavidia CM, Verastegui MR, Garcia HH, Lopez-Urbina T, Tsang VCW, Pan W, et al. Relationship between Serum Antibodies and Taenia solium Larvae Burden in Pigs Raised in Field Conditions. Flisser A, editor. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002192.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"key":"2543_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01000.x","volume":"8","author":"JP Nguekam","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nguekam JP, Zoli AP, Zogo PO, Kamga ACT, Speybroeck N, Dorny P, et al. A seroepidemiological study of human cysticercosis in West Cameroon. Tropical Med Int Health. 2003;8:144\u20139.","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"key":"2543_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Braae UC, Magnussen P, Lekule F, Harrison W, Johansen MV. Temporal fluctuations in the sero-prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs in Mbeya region, Tanzania. Parasites Vectors. 2014;7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-014-0574-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0574-7"},{"key":"2543_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.11.014","volume":"34","author":"P Dorny","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dorny P, Phiri IK, Vercruysse J, Gabriel S, Willingham AL, Brandt J, et al. A Bayesian approach for estimating values for prevalence and diagnostic test characteristics of porcine cysticercosis. Int J Parasitol. 2004;34:569\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.11.014.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2543_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.12.014","volume":"85","author":"HA Ngowi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ngowi HA, Carabin H, Kassuku AA, Mlozi MRS, Mlangwa JED, Willingham AL. A health-education intervention trial to reduce porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu District, Tanzania. Preventive Vet Med. 2008;85:52\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.12.014.","journal-title":"Preventive Vet Med"},{"key":"2543_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00055-X","volume":"87","author":"V Rajshekhar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rajshekhar V, Joshi DD, Doanh NQ, De N, Xiaonong Z. Taenia solium taeniosis\/cysticercosis in Asia: epidemiology, impact and issues. Acta Trop. 2003;87:53\u201360.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2543_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kungu JM, Dione MM, Ejobi F, Ocaido M, Grace D. Risk factors, perceptions and practices associated with Taenia solium cysticercosis and its control in the smallholder pig production systems in Uganda: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-016-2122-x.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2122-x"},{"key":"2543_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0118541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118541","volume":"10","author":"SA Mwidunda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mwidunda SA, Carabin H, Matuja WBM, Winkler AS, Ngowi HA. A School Based Cluster Randomised Health Education Intervention Trial for Improving Knowledge and Attitudes Related to Taenia solium Cysticercosis and Taeniasis in Mbulu District, Northern Tanzania. Operario D, editor. PLOS ONE. 2015;10:e0118541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0118541.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2543_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.10.022","volume":"165","author":"RL Ertel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ertel RL, Braae UC, Ngowi HA, Johansen MV. Assessment of a computer-based Taenia solium health education tool \u2018the vicious worm\u2019 on knowledge uptake among professionals and their attitudes towards the program. Acta Trop. 2017;165:240\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.10.022.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2543_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.02.018","volume":"193","author":"S Lauridsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lauridsen S, Braae UC, Ngowi HA, Johansen MV. Impacts of using the electronic-health education program \u2018the vicious worm\u2019 for prevention of Taenia solium. Acta Trop. 2019;193:18\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.02.018.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2543_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.04.010","volume":"165","author":"S Gabri\u00ebl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gabri\u00ebl S, Dorny P, Mwape KE, Trevisan C, Braae UC, Magnussen P, et al. Control of Taenia solium taeniasis\/cysticercosis: the best way forward for sub-Saharan Africa? Acta Trop. 2017;165:252\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.04.010.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2543_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2017.09.002","volume":"2","author":"SM Shonyela","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shonyela SM, Mkupasi EM, Sikalizyo SC, Kabemba EM, Ngowi HA, Phiri I. An epidemiological survey of porcine cysticercosis in Nyasa District, Ruvuma region, Tanzania. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2017;2:35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parepi.2017.09.002.","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"key":"2543_CR36","unstructured":"Kavishe MDB, Mkupasi EM, Ngowi HA. Prevalence and risk factors associated with porcine cysticercosis transmission in Babati district, Tanzania. Livestock Res Rural Dev. 2017;29(1):13."},{"key":"2543_CR37","volume-title":"Groundwater and its susceptibility to degradation\u00a0: a global assessment of the problem and options for management. United Nations environment Programme","author":"BL Morris","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morris BL, Lawrence ARL, Chilton PJC, Adams B, Calow RC, Klinck BA. Groundwater and its susceptibility to degradation\u00a0: a global assessment of the problem and options for management. United Nations environment Programme; 2003. Available: http:\/\/www.unep.org\/dewa\/Portals\/67\/pdf\/Groundwater_INC_cover.pdf."},{"key":"2543_CR38","unstructured":"Gwimbi P. The microbial quality of drinking water in Manonyane community: Maseru District (Lesotho). Afr Health Sci. 2011;11 Available: https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/ahs\/article\/view\/73418."},{"key":"2543_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chembensofu M, Mwape KE, Van Damme I, Hobbs E, Phiri IK, Masuku M, et al. Re-visiting the detection of porcine cysticercosis based on full carcass dissections of naturally Taenia solium infected pigs. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2520-y.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2520-y"},{"key":"2543_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217420","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217420","volume":"14","author":"HA Ngowi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ngowi HA, Winkler AS, Braae UC, Mdegela RH, Mkupasi EM, Kabululu ML, et al. Taenia solium taeniosis and cysticercosis literature in Tanzania provides research evidence justification for control: A systematic scoping review. Devleesschauwer B, editor. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0217420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0217420.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2543_CR41","volume-title":"The 2012 Population and Housing Census Report. Population distribution by administrative areas","author":"NBS (National Bureau of Statistics)","year":"2013","unstructured":"NBS (National Bureau of Statistics). The 2012 Population and Housing Census Report. Population distribution by administrative areas. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: National Bureau of Statistics. Central Census Office; 2013. [cited 20 Apr 2016]. Available: http:\/\/www.nbs.go.tz\/."},{"key":"2543_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.07.022","volume":"176","author":"K Sah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sah K, Poudel I, Subedi S, Singh DK, Cocker J, Kushwaha P, et al. A hyperendemic focus of Taenia solium transmission in the Banke District of Nepal. Acta Trop. 2017;176:78\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.07.022.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02543-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02543-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02543-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T13:02:53Z","timestamp":1630674173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02543-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02543-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by Research, Publications and Ethics committee of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (CVMBS) of Sokoine University of Agriculture, in Tanzania (Reference number: SUA\/CVMS\/016\/32). Permission to conduct the study was secured from the Director of Veterinary Services (DVS), of the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, in Tanzania. Further, permission was sought from authorities in the study districts and villages. Farmers gave a written consent to participate in the study after the study objectives, benefits and risks were explained to them. Considering that in some cases farmers would feel uncomfortable to provide signatures\/thumbprints even when they were willing to participate; and in cases where a farmer could not read\/write the ethics committee of the CVMBS authorized the use of a verbal consent The verbal consent was provided in the presence of a witness who provided a signature for that matter. All regulatory requirements including applicable animal welfare regulations were strictly complied with and adhered to section 40 of the Tanzania\u2019s Animal Welfare Act of 2008.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"325"}}