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Foot-trimming is an important husbandry procedure for reducing the ensuing lameness; however, epidemiological, and microbiological studies have identified this as a risk activity for transmitting BDD.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Three disinfectants have previously been identified in laboratory work as effective for removing viable BDD-associated<jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>spp., from hoof knife blades. The present study enrolled 133 dairy cattle with BDD lesions, and swabbed hoof knife blades before and after foot-trimming, and after knife disinfection with one of three disinfectants (1:100 FAM30\u00ae, 2% Virkon\u00ae and 2% sodium hypochlorite) to assess their efficacy under field conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Detection of BDD treponeme phylogroup DNA was undertaken by direct PCR of swabs, and viable treponemes were detected by PCR of swab cultures after 6 weeks\u2019 incubation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Where hoof knives did not contact the lesion, BDD-associated treponemes were detected after foot-trimming in 12\/22 (54.5%) cases by direct PCR and 1\/22 (4.5%) cases by PCR of cultured organisms. Where contact was made with the lesion, 111\/111 (100%) samples taken after trimming were positive by direct PCR and 47\/118 (39.8%) were positive by culture PCR. Viable organisms were identified in cultures from lesion stages M2, M3, M4 and M4.1. No viable organisms were detected after disinfection of hoof knives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hoof knives post-trimming were frequently contaminated with BDD-associated treponeme DNA. Viable organisms were identified in cultures whether contact had been made between hoof knife and lesion or not, although contact clearly increased the frequency of detection of viable organisms. The three disinfectants tested were effective for removing viable organisms. The disinfection protocol used in this study should therefore be considered reliable for adoption as standard industry practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02552-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T05:02:54Z","timestamp":1599800574000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Removal of bovine digital dermatitis-associated treponemes from hoof knives after foot-trimming: a disinfection field study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0017-3388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. V.","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. D.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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Animal owners were provided with full information regarding the study before giving written consent for their cattle to be used in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"330"}}