{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:18:15Z","timestamp":1778127495674,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605052800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We report the first case of canine <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> meningoencephalomyelitis and second case of canine <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> bacteriuria, as well as the first reported case of <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> subspecies <jats:italic>houtenae<\/jats:italic> in a dog.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Immunosuppressive treatment in a dog for a relapse of steroid-responsive meningitis and arteritis (SRMA) allowed for the opportunistic establishment of a bacteremia with <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae<\/jats:italic>, ultimately causing meningoencephalomyelitis and subclinical bacteriuria. The bacterial infections were treated with a four-month course of amoxicillin; clinical treatment success was determined by serial negative urine cultures and lack of clinical signs correlated to the meningoencephalomyelitis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Both the bacteriuria and meningoencephalomyelitis represented opportunistic infections in a dog immunosuppressed for SRMA. The clinical course of this infectious meningoencephalitis emphasizes the importance of differentiating relapse of initial disease from opportunistic infection occurring in a compromised central nervous system. The novel <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> species identified in this case acts as a reminder that infectious disease diagnostics should not be curbed by anecdotal prediction of routine pathogenic suspects.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02652-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T13:03:03Z","timestamp":1605099783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae as an opportunistic pathogen in a case of meningoencephalomyelitis and bacteriuria in a dog"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9407-2301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa N.","family":"Andruzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary L.","family":"Krath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara D.","family":"Lawhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Boudreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2652_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02137-16","volume":"55","author":"R Reimschussel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reimschussel R, Grabenstein M, Guag J, Nemser SN, Song K, Qiu J, et al. Multilaboratory survery to evaluate Salmonella prevalence in diarrheic and nondiarrheic dogs and cats in the United States between 2012 and 2014. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(5):1350\u201368.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2652_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.84","volume":"4","author":"VA Amadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amadi VA, Hariharan H, Arya G, Matthew-Belmar V, Nicholas-Thomas R, Pinckney R, Sharma R, Johnson R. Serovars and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from non-diarrhoeic dogs in Grenada, West Indies. Vet Med Sci. 2017;4(1):26\u201334.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2652_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.02977.x","volume":"101","author":"L Bauwens","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bauwens L, Vercammen F, Bertrand S, Collard J-M, Ceuster SD. Isolation of Salmonella from environmental samples collected in the reptile department of Antwerp zoo using different selective methods. J Appl Microbiol. 2006;101(2):284\u20139.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2652_CR4","first-page":"209","volume":"126","author":"ME Krautwald-Junghanns","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Stenkat JK, Iundefined S, Fundefined O, Iundefined B, Aundefined N, et al. Characterization of Salmonella isolated from captive and free-living snakes in Germany. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2013;126:209\u201315.","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2652_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0332-x","volume":"11","author":"M Krawiec","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krawiec M, Kuczkowski M, Kruszewicz A, Wieliczko A. Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Salmonella in free-living birds in Poland. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11(1):15.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2652_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0098R1.1","volume":"46","author":"M Lukac","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lukac M, Pedersen K, Prukner-Radovcic E. Prevalence of Salmonella in captive reptiles from Croatia. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2015;46(2):234\u201340.","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2652_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072350","volume":"8","author":"C Marin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marin C, Ingresa-Capaccioni S, Gonz\u00e1lez-Bodi S, Marco-Jim\u00e9nez F, Vega S. Free-Living Turtles Are a Reservoir for Salmonella but Not for Campylobacter. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e72350.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2652_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.23.3.1529","volume":"23","author":"J Millan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Millan J, Aduriz G, Moreno B, Juste R, Barral M. Salmonella isolates from wild birds and mammals in the Basque Country (Spain). Rev Sci Tech. 2004;23(3):905\u201311.","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"issue":"2","key":"2652_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2307\/1589549","volume":"22","author":"WE Phillips","year":"1978","unstructured":"Phillips WE, Hatkin JM. Isolation of Salmonella houtenae from a Cockateel. Avian Dis. 1978;22(2):350\u20133.","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"2652_CR10","first-page":"54","volume":"41","author":"MS Runkel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Runkel MS, Rodriguez LF, Moody FG, LaRocco MT, Blasdel T. Salmonella infection of the biliary and intestinal tract of wild opossums. Lab Anim Sci. 1991;41:54\u20136.","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2652_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2012.11.004","volume":"36","author":"T Zottola","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zottola T, Montagnaro S, Magnapera C, Sasso S, Martino LD, Bragagnolo A, et al. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in European wild boar (Sus scrofa); Latium region \u2013 Italy. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;36(2):161\u20138.","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2652_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0207.1","volume":"47","author":"MM Clancy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clancy MM, Newton AL, Sykes JM. Management of Osteomyelitis Caused by Salmonella Enterica Subsp. Houtenae in a Taylor's Cantil (Agkistrodon Bilineatus Taylori) using Amikacin delivered via osmotic pump. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2016;47:691\u20134.","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2652_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2015.1063468","volume":"63","author":"ATL Sou\u00ebf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sou\u00ebf ATL, Barry M, Brunton D, Jakob-Hoff R, Jackson B. Ovariectomy as treatment for ovarian bacterial granulomas in a Duvaucels gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii). N Z Vet J. 2015;63(6):340\u20134.","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2652_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652004000300009","volume":"46","author":"MCS Louren\u00e7o","year":"2004","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o MCS, Reis EFMD, Valls R, Asensi MD, Hofer E. Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae serogroup O:16 in a HIV positive patient: case report. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2004;46(3):169\u201370.","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"2652_CR15","first-page":"282","volume":"36","author":"JS Ma","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ma JS, Chen PY, Lau YJ, Chi CS. Brain abscess caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2003;36:282\u20134.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"2652_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr0420114096","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.04.2011.4096","volume":"2011","author":"AR Nimir","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nimir AR, Ibrahim R, Ibrahim IAA. Salmonella meningitis in a paediatric patient caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Houtenae. BMJ Case Rep. 2011;2011:bcr0420114096.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2652_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.07.050","volume":"156","author":"CM Tabarani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tabarani CM, Bennett NJ, Kiska DL, Riddell SW, Botash AS, Domachowske JB. Empyema of preexisting subdural hemorrhage caused by a rare Salmonella species after exposure to bearded dragons in a Foster home. J Pediatr. 2010;156(2):322\u20133.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2652_CR18","first-page":"232","volume":"59","author":"I Wybo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wybo I, Potters D, Plaskie K, Covens L, Collard JM, Lauwers S. Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae serotype 44:z4, z23:--as a rare cause of meningitis. Acta Clin B\u00e9lg. 2004;59:232\u20134.","journal-title":"Acta Clin B\u00e9lg"},{"issue":"32","key":"2652_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00655","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00655-20","volume":"9","author":"ML Krath","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krath ML, Hillhouse AE, Little SV, Lawhon SD. MiSeq sequencing of Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae isolates from a dog treated for hind-limb paresis. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2020;9(32):e00655\u201320.","journal-title":"Microbiol Resour Announc"},{"issue":"9","key":"2652_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1265","volume":"63","author":"PB Kurowski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kurowski PB, Traub-Dargatz JL, Morley PS, Gentry-Weeks CR. Detection of Salmonella spp in fecal specimens by use of real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63(9):1265\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2652_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2013.01.010","volume":"54","author":"H-M Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen H-M, Wang Y, Su L-H, Chiu C-H. Nontyphoid Salmonella infection: microbiology, clinical features, and antimicrobial therapy. Pediatr Neonatol. 2013;54(3):147\u201352.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2652_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13585","volume":"53","author":"SC Wen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wen SC, Best E, Nourse C. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in children: review of literature and recommendations for management. J Paediatr Child Health. 2017;53(10):936\u201341.","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2652_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2017.03.010","volume":"353","author":"Y Gorelik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorelik Y, Paul M, Geffen Y, Khamaisi M. Urinary tract infections due to Nontyphoidal Salmonella. Am J Med Sci. 2017;353(6):529\u201332.","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2652_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmmcr.0.005153","volume":"5","author":"SD Cole","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cole SD, Palermo SM, Rankin SC. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from the urine of a dog undergoing treatment for immune-mediated polyarthritis. JMM Case Rep. 2018;5(9):e005153.","journal-title":"JMM Case Rep"},{"key":"2652_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI-31-2019","volume":"10","author":"A Akhaddar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akhaddar A, Hall W, Boucetta M. Subgaleal and brain abscesses due to Salmonella enteritidis following craniotomy for giant cell glioblastoma multiforme: a case report and literature review. Surg Neurol Int. 2019;10:37.","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2652_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(00)00099-8","volume":"102","author":"JC Sarria","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sarria JC, Vidal AM, Kimbrough RC. Salmonella enteritidis brain abscess: case report and review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2000;102(4):236\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2652_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181a31e2b","volume":"102","author":"RN Momin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Momin RN, Rajendran N, Chong VH. Transverse myelitis associated with Salmonella Nontyphi infection. South Med J. 2009;102(6):670\u20131.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"2652_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.900730","volume":"17","author":"ME Richert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richert ME, Hosier H, Weltz AS, Wise ES, Joshi M, Diaz JJ. Acute Transverse Myelitis Associated with Salmonella Bacteremia: A Case Report. Am J Case Rep. 2016;17:929\u201333.","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2652_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(03)90043-9","volume":"7","author":"A Owusu-Ofori","year":"2003","unstructured":"Owusu-Ofori A, Scheld W. Treatment of Salmonella meningitis: two case reports and a review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis. 2003;7(1):53\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2652_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-30","volume":"11","author":"H-M Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu H-M, Huang W-Y, Lee M-L, Yang AD, Chaou K-P, Hsieh L-Y. Clinical features, acute complications, and outcome of Salmonella meningitis in children under one year of age in Taiwan. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11(1):30.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2652_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.5.525","volume":"247","author":"E Fauth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fauth E, Freeman LM, Cornjeo L, Markovich JE, Janecko N, Weese JS. Salmonella bacteriuria in a cat fed a Salmonella-contaminated diet. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;247:525\u201330.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2652_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15543","volume":"33","author":"J Lau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lau J, Nettifee JA, Early PJ, Mariani CL, Olby NJ, Mu\u00f1ana KR. Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(4):1719\u201327.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2652_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0337.x","volume":"23","author":"M Lowrie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lowrie M, Penderis J, Mclaughlin M, Eckersall P, Anderson T. Steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis: a prospective study of potential disease markers, prednisolone treatment, and long-term outcome in 20 dogs (2006-2008). J Vet Intern Med. 2009;23(4):862\u201370.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"2652_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1069-6795","volume":"48","author":"E Hilpert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hilpert E, Tipold A, Meyerhoff N, Schwerdt J, Winkler S, Jurina K, et al. Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis in dogs in Germany: are there epidemiological or clinical factors influencing recurrence rate? Tier\u00e4rztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere. 2020;48(01):5\u201312.","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere"},{"issue":"3","key":"2652_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00848.x","volume":"51","author":"A Tipold","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tipold A, Schatzberg SJ. An update on steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis. J Small Anim Pract. 2010;51(3):150\u20134.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02652-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02652-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02652-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T13:15:32Z","timestamp":1605100532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02652-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02652-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent was obtained from the owner of the dog for publication of this case report; written consent form available upon request.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they do not have any competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"437"}}