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Prevention using inactivated vaccines is one effective measure used to control FMD. Unfortunately, inactivated FMD vaccines provide only short-term protection and require a cold-chain system. In recent years, many studies have shown that layered double metal hydroxides (LDHs) carrying antigens can be used to strongly induce immune responses. In this study, LDH nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. LDH particle size, electric potential, and morphology were measured and observed. The adsorption capacity of LDH NPs to FMDV was tested. The effects of LDH as an adjuvant on inactivated FMDV vaccines were further evaluated and compared with commercial FMDV Montanide ISA-206 in BALB\/C female mice and Yorkshire pigs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      LDH NPs were successfully prepared with a uniform particle size of ~\u200987.21\u2009nm, regular edges, a loose hexagonal shape and positive zeta charge of 32\u2009mV. The maximum absorption concentration was 0.16\u20130.31\u2009\u03bcg FMDV\/\u03bcg LDH. In the mouse experiment, antibody levels in group LDH\u2009+\u2009FMDV were significantly higher compared to group saline + FMDV (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) from days 42\u201398 and were significantly higher to group ISA-206\u2009+\u2009FMDV on day 56 post-immunization (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). After day 14 post-immunization, IFN-\u03b3 content was significantly increased (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In the pig experiment, antibody levels in both the ISA-206\u2009+\u2009FMDV and LDH\u2009+\u2009FMDV were positive and were significantly higher compared with the PBS group on day 7 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.005). Antibody levels in 90% pigs were positive on day 56 in the LDH group. The neutralizing antibody levels in the LDH and ISA-206 groups were significantly higher from days 7\u201328 compared to the PBS control group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Thus, LDH NPs were effective at inducing an immune response against FMDV.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LDHs with a loose hexagonal shape and a positive charge were prepared and evaluated as adjuvant for FMD vaccine. It was demonstrated that LDHs can induce immune responses in mice and pigs. In addition, the LDHs produced antibodies continuously which may indicate a slow-release effect. The study shows that LDHs may act as a potentially useful FMDV adjuvant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02689-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T07:04:34Z","timestamp":1607065474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles as an adjuvant for inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in pigs"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuangfu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2689_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2014.963562","volume":"13","author":"YM Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao YM. 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