{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:42:09Z","timestamp":1790142129887,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["No. 2018YFD0502201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2018YFD0502201"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO.2572014CA02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.2572014CA02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fecundity is important for farm blue fox (<jats:italic>Vulpes lagopus<\/jats:italic>), who with asthenospermia have be a problem in some of farms in China. A key symptom of asthenospermia is decreased sperm motility. The decreased secreting beta-defensin108 (<jats:italic>vBD108<\/jats:italic>) of blue fox is speculated be related to asthenospermia. To clarify this idea, the mRNA expression of<jats:italic>vBD108<\/jats:italic>in testis and epididymis of blue foxes with asthenospermia were detected and compared to the healthy one. The antibody was prepared and analyzed by immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The<jats:italic>vBD108<\/jats:italic>in testis and epididymis was found both in blue fox with asthenospermia and healthy group by the method of immunohistochemistry. The expression of<jats:italic>vBD108<\/jats:italic>mRNA in testes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and epididymal corpus (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) in asthenospermia group was lower than that in healthy group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggested that<jats:italic>vBD108<\/jats:italic>deficiency may related to blue fox asthenospermia. Meanwhile, the study on the blue fox<jats:italic>vBD108<\/jats:italic>provides a hopeful direction to explore the pathogenesis of blue fox asthenospermia in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02697-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T12:03:47Z","timestamp":1610021027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Declined expressing mRNA of beta-defensin 108 from epididymis is associated with decreased sperm motility in blue fox (Vulpes lagopus)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao-lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling-ling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-hong","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-jun","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2697_CR1","first-page":"92","volume":"102","author":"R Aram","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aram R, Chan PTK, Cyr DG. Beta-defensin126 is correlated with sperm motility in fertile and infertile men. Biol Reprod. 2019;102(1):92\u2013101.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"9","key":"2697_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gau050","volume":"20","author":"JR Dorin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dorin JR, Barratt CL. Importance of \u03b2-defensins in sperm function. Mol Hum Reprod. 2014;20(9):821\u201326.","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"2697_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.168791","volume":"18","author":"CM Ribeiro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ribeiro CM, Silva EJ, Hinton BT, Avellar MC. \u03b2-defensins and the epididymis: contrasting influences of prenatal, postnatal, and adult scenarios. Asian J Androl. 2016;18(2):323\u201328.","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"issue":"4","key":"2697_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-440X(95)80038-7","volume":"5","author":"SH White","year":"1995","unstructured":"White SH, Wimley WC, Selsted ME. Structure, function, and membrane integration of defensins. Curr Opin in Struct Biol. 1995;5(4):521\u201327.","journal-title":"Curr Opin in Struct Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2697_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1180","volume":"3","author":"T Ganz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ganz T. Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003;3(9):710\u201320.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2697_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.5.2516","volume":"169","author":"Y Yamaguchi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yamaguchi Y, Nagase T, Makita R, Fukuhara S, Tomita T, Tominaga T, Kurihara H, Ouchi Y. Identification of multiple novel epididymis-specific beta-defensin isoforms in humans and mice. J Immunol. 2002;169(5):2516\u201323.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2697_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0478-4","volume":"68","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Diao H, Ni Z, Hu S, Yu H, Zhang Y. The epididymis-specific antimicrobial peptide \u03b2-defensin 15 is required for sperm motility and male fertility in the rat (Rattus norvegicus). Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011;68(4):697\u2013708.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2697_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1127","volume":"6","author":"CX Zhou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhou CX, Zhang YL, Xiao L, Zheng M, Leung KM, Chan MY, Lo PS, Tsang LL, Wong HY, Ho LS, Chung YW, Chan HC. An epididymis-specific \u03b2-defensin is important for the initiation of sperm maturation. Nat Cell Biol. 2004;6(5):458\u201364.","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2697_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.138792","volume":"95","author":"B Fernandez-fuertes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fernandez-fuertes B, Narciandi F, Ofarrelly C, Kelly AK, Fair S, Meade KG, Lonergan P. Cauda Epididymis-Specific Beta-Defensin 126 Promotes Sperm Motility but Not Fertilizing Ability in Cattle. Biol Reprod. 2016;95(6):122.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"249","key":"2697_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249ra108","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009071","volume":"6","author":"R Diao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diao R, Fok KL, Chen H, Yu MK, Duan Y, Chung CM, Li Z, Wu H, Li Z, Zhang H, Ji Z, Zhen W, Ng CF, Gui Y, Cai Z, Chan HC. Deficient human \u03b2-defensin 1 underlies male infertility associated with poor sperm motility and genital tract infection. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(249):249ra108.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2697_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-019-01409-w","volume":"36","author":"L Zupin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zupin L, Polesello V, Martinelli M, Luppi S, Giolo E, Zito G, Romano F, Segat L, Crovella S, Ricci G. Human \u03b2-defensin 1 in follicular fluid and semen: impact on fertility. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2019;36(4):787\u201397.","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"issue":"5509","key":"2697_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1056545","volume":"291","author":"P Li","year":"2001","unstructured":"Li P, Chan HC, He B, So SC, Chung YW, Shang Q, Zhang YD, Zhang YL. An antimicrobial peptide gene found in the male reproductive system of rats. Science. 2001;291(5509):1783\u201385.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2697_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.039719","volume":"73","author":"DS Johnston","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnston DS, Jelinsky SA, Bang HJ, DiCandeloro P, Wilson E, Kopf GS, Turner TT. The mouse epididymal transcriptome: transcriptional profiling of segmental gene expression in the epididymis. Biol Reprod. 2005;73(3):404\u201313.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2697_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-7-314","volume":"7","author":"J Oh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oh J, Lee J, Woo JM, Choi E, Park I, Han C, Baek N, Lee H, Kim DH, Cho C. Systematic identification and integrative analysis of novel genes expressed specifically or predominantly in mouse epididymis. BMC Genom. 2006;7:314.","journal-title":"BMC Genom"},{"issue":"1","key":"2697_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbaexp.2005.05.010","volume":"1730","author":"J Jalkanen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jalkanen J, Huhtaniemi I, Poutanen M. Discovery and characterization of new epididymis-specific beta-defensins in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1730(1):22\u201330.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"2697_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2020.3111","volume":"64","author":"W Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu W, Zhang Z, Liu P, Yang X, Zhang H, Yuan Z, Han Y, Weng Q. Seasonal expressions of SPAG11A and androgen receptor in the epididymis of the wild ground squirrels (Citellus dauricus Brandt). Eur J Histochem. 2020;64(2):3111.","journal-title":"Eur J Histochem"},{"issue":"7","key":"2697_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1698","volume":"145","author":"S Yenugu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yenugu S, Hamil KG, Radhakrishnan Y, French FS, Hall SH. The androgen-regulated epididymal sperm-binding protein, human beta-defensin 118 (DEFB118) (formerly ESC42), is an antimicrobial beta-defensin. Endocrinology. 2004;145(7):3165\u201373.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2697_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-12-76","volume":"12","author":"SG Hu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hu SG, Zou M, Yao GX, Ma WB, Zhu QL, Li XQ, Chen ZJ, Sun Y. Androgenic regulation of beta-defensins in the mouse epididymis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2014;12:76.","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"04","key":"2697_CR19","first-page":"5","volume":"34","author":"Z Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li Z, Zhang GL, Guo LN, Zhang CX. Expression of Defb124 Gene in Testis, Epididymidis at Different Stages of Sheep. China Herbivore Science. 2014;34(04):5\u20138. (in Chinese).","journal-title":"China Herbivore Science"},{"key":"2697_CR20","unstructured":"Guo LN, Zhang GL, Ren YS, Jiang YS, Liu WZ, Zhang CX: Localization and expression character of Beta-Defensins 104a in different days of male goat testis and epididymis. J SHANXI AGRIC, UNIV(Natural Science Edition). 2017;37(12):866 \u2013 71. (in Chinese)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2697_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00104.2005","volume":"23","author":"AA Patil","year":"2005","unstructured":"Patil AA, Cai Y, Sang Y, Blecha F, Zhang G. Cross-species analysis of the mammalian beta-defensin gene family: presence of syntenic gene clusters and preferential expression in the male reproductive tract. Physiol Genomics. 2005;23(1):5\u201317.","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2697_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02295.x","volume":"23","author":"SH Hall","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hall SH, Hamil KG, French FS. Host defense proteins of the male reproductive tract. J Androl. 2002;23(5):585\u201397.","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"issue":"5","key":"2697_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010390219656","volume":"49","author":"SM Curi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Curi SM, Ariagno JI, Chenlo PH, Mendeluk GR, Pugliese MN, Sardi Segovia LM, Repetto HE, Blanco AM. Asthenozoospermia:analysis of a large population. Arch of Androl. 2003;49(5):343\u201349.","journal-title":"Arch of Androl"},{"issue":"9","key":"2697_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh365","volume":"19","author":"CC Hunault","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hunault CC, Habbema JD, Eijkemans MJ, Collins JA, Evers JL, te Velde ER. Two new prediction rules for spontaneous pregnancy leading to live birth among subfertile couples, based on the synthesis of three previous models. Hum Reprod. 2004;19(9):2019\u201326.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"2697_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2007.00285.x","volume":"9","author":"TG Cooper","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cooper TG. Sperm maturation in the epididymis: a new look at an old problem. Asian J Androl. 2007;9(4):533\u20139.","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"issue":"2","key":"2697_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.026302","volume":"71","author":"TR Chauvin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chauvin TR, Griswold MD. Androgen-regulated genes in the murine epididymis. Biol Reprod. 2004;71(2):560\u201369.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"2697_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.057323","volume":"76","author":"SA Jelinsky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jelinsky SA, Turner TT, Bang HJ, Finger JN, Solarz MK, Wilson E, Brown EL, Kopf GS, Johnston DS. The rat epididymal transcriptome: comparison of segmental gene expression in the rat and mouse epididymides. Biol Reprod. 2007;76(4):561\u201370.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"5","key":"2697_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12632","volume":"7","author":"S Breton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Breton S, Nair AV, Battistone MA. Epithelial dynamics in the epididymis: role in the maturation, protection, and storage of spermatozoa. Andrology. 2019;7(5):631\u201343.","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2697_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0817-2_8","volume":"759","author":"GA Cornwall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cornwall GA. Role of posttranslational protein modifications in epididymal sperm maturation and extracellular quality control. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;759:159\u201380.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2697_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070300106","volume":"30","author":"BT Hinton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hinton BT, Palladino MA. Epididymal epithelium: Its contribution to the formation of a luminal fluid microenvironment. Microsc Res Tech. 1995;30(1):67\u201381.","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"issue":"3","key":"2697_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod65.3.696","volume":"65","author":"KM Jervis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jervis KM, Robaire B. Dynamic changes in gene expression along the rat epididymis. Biol Reprod. 2001;65(3):696\u2013703.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"7","key":"2697_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2012.109","volume":"9","author":"TL Tollner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tollner TL, Bevins CL, Cherr GN. Multifunctional glycoprotein DEFB126\u2014a curious story of defensin-clad spermatozoa. Nat Rev Urol. 2012;9(7):365\u201375.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"2697_CR33","unstructured":"Wu RZ, Hao XM, Liu ZP, Han HS. Sperm motility and ultrastructural changes in blue fox semen before and after freezing. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine. 2019;(23):131\u2013134 + 139. (in Chinese)."},{"key":"2697_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hancock DC, O\u2019Reilly NJ: Production of polyclonal antibodies in rabbits. In: Burns R, editor. Immunochemical Protocols. Methods Mol Biol; 2005. p.\u00a027\u201340.","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-873-0:027"},{"key":"2697_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowther JR. The ELISA guidebook. Methods Mol Biol; 2000.","DOI":"10.1385\/1592590497"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02697-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02697-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02697-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T01:07:43Z","timestamp":1724288863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02697-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02697-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All experimental designs and animals handling were approved by the Laboratory Animal Management and Ethics Committee of Northeast Forestry University (2020023).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}