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The aim of this study was to determine urinary shedding of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> in dogs in Thailand, to evaluate antibody prevalence by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and to assess risk factors for <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>In Northern, Northeastern, and Central Thailand, 273 stray (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009119) or client-owned (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009154) dogs from rural (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009139) or urban (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009134) areas were randomly included. Dogs that had received antibiotics within 4\u2009weeks prior to sampling were excluded. No dog had received vaccination against <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>. Urine was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for <jats:italic>lipL32<\/jats:italic> gene of pathogenic <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, urine was cultured for 6\u2009months in Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) medium. Antibodies were measured by ELISA and MAT against 24 serovars belonging to 15 serogroups and 1 undesignated serogroup. Risk factor analysis was performed with backwards stepwise selection based on Wald.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twelve of 273 (4.4%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0\u20136.8%) urine samples were PCR-positive. In 1\/273 dogs (0.4%; 95% CI: 0.01\u20131.1%) <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> could be cultured from urine. MAT detected antibodies in 33\/273 dogs (12.1%; 95% CI: 8.2\u201316.0%) against 19 different serovars (Anhoa, Australis, Ballum, Bataviae, Bratislava, Broomi, Canicola, Copenhageni, Coxi, Grippotyphosa, Haemolytica, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Khorat, Paidjan, Patoc, Pyrogenes, Rachmati, Saxkoebing, Sejroe). In 111\/252 dogs (44.0%; 95% CI: 37.9\u201350.2%) immunoglobulin M (IgM) and\/or immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were found by ELISA. Female dogs had a significantly higher risk for <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> infection (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.023).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> shedding occurs in randomly sampled dogs in Thailand, with infection rates comparable to those of Europe and the USA. Therefore, the potential zoonotic risk should not be underestimated and use of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> vaccines are recommended.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-2230-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T03:02:54Z","timestamp":1584414174000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Leptospira infection and shedding in dogs in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3527-5509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Altheimer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prapaporn","family":"Jongwattanapisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supol","family":"Luengyosluechakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosama","family":"Pusoonthornthum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuvee","family":"Prapasarakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alongkorn","family":"Kurilung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Els M.","family":"Broens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaap A.","family":"Wagenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marga G. 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All dog owners agreed in a written owner consent. For stray dogs, authorized veterinarians and supervisors gave their written consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"NPa is employed at IDEXX Laboratories, Ludwigsburg. This laboratory offers the IDEXX <i>Leptospira<\/i> RealPCR Test on a commercial basis and performed the testing in this study.MGAG and AAA work at the OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis and commercially performed MAT and phylogenetic analysis in the present study.EMB and JAW work at the Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University and commercially performed IgM and IgG ELISA in this study.None of these companies played a role in the study design, in the collection and interpretation of data, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.KH has given talks for MSD, Merial, Boehringer Ingelheim, and IDEXX. She participated in research funded by or using products from MSD, Merial, Boehringer, Zoetis, Megacor, Biogal, and Scil.There is no commercial conflict of interest as the information generated here is solely for scientific dissemination. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"89"}}