{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T22:41:20Z","timestamp":1774305680851,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CGIAR Research Program","award":["1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Vietnam, lack of animal health information is considered a major challenge for pig production. The main objective of this study was to assess the seroprevalences of five pathogens [porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and leptospirosis] and to better characterize the farm movements through a survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 600 samples were collected from 120 farms from Bac Giang and Nghe An. Among unvaccinated herds, the highest seroprevalence was found for JE with 73.81% (95% CI: 68.39\u201378.74) in Bac Giang and 53.51% (95% CI 47.68\u201359.27) in Nghe An. Seroprevalences for PCV2 and M.hyo were 49.43% (95% CI: 45.06\u201353.80) and 46.06% (95% CI: 41.48\u201350.69) among unvaccinated animals. Accumulative co-infections for JE (86.25%) showed the highest level followed by M. hyo (66.25%) and PCV2 (62.50%). Three co-infections with JE had the highest positive rate (28.75%) followed by four co-infections (25.0%). Medium farms had relatively higher herd prevalences for all pathogens, except from leptospirosis. Overall, farmers exported\/imported their pigs at the most 1\u20132 times every 6 months. Some respondents (5% for exportation and 20% for importation) had moved pigs more than 6 times over the last 6\u2009months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study provided another pool of evidence that showed that PCV2, PRRS and H. hyo are endemic in pigs in Vietnam. Given the economic impacts of these pathogens elsewhere, the findings confirm the need for studies to evaluate the association between antibody response and clinical relevance as well as to assess the economic impact of co-infections at farm level. We also found that high seroprevalences of JE and leptospirosis were detected in pigs. From a pubic health point of view, it is crucial to raise public awareness especially for high risk occupations (mainly pig farm workers).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-2236-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T11:02:49Z","timestamp":1578999769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Seroprevalences of multi-pathogen and description of farm movement in pigs in two provinces in Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8731-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hu Suk","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vuong Nghia","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huyen Xuan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anh Ngoc","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trung Duc","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hung","family":"Nguyen-Viet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delia","family":"Grace Randolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Wieland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2236_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.37801\/ajad2006.3.1-2.5","volume":"3","author":"TTT Huynh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huynh TTT, Aarnink AJA, Drucker A, Verstegen MWA. Pig production in Cambodia, Laos, Philippines, and Vietnam: a review. Asian J Agric Dev. 2006;3:69\u201390.","journal-title":"Asian J Agric Dev"},{"key":"2236_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01239.x","volume":"59","author":"H Le","year":"2012","unstructured":"Le H, Poljak Z, Deardon R, Dewey CE. Clustering of and risk factors for the porcine high fever disease in a region of Vietnam. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2012;59:49\u201361.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"2236_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177361","volume":"12","author":"LT Vu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vu LT, Long NT, Brito B, Stenfeldt C, Phuong NT, Hoang BH, et al. First detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus O\/Ind-2001d in Vietnam. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0177361.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2236_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.07.003","volume":"118","author":"A Kamakawa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kamakawa A, Thu HTV, Yamada S. Epidemiological survey of viral diseases of pigs in the Mekong delta of Vietnam between 1999 and 2003. Vet Microbiol. 2006;118:47\u201356.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2236_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12066","volume":"61","author":"TML Huynh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huynh TML, Nguyen BH, Nguyen VG, Dang HA, Mai TN, Tran THG, et al. Phylogenetic and Phylogeographic analyses of P orcine Circovirus type 2 among pig farms in V ietnam. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2014;61:e25\u201334.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"2236_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13122","volume":"66","author":"HS Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee HS, Pham TL, Nguyen TN, Lee M, Wieland B. Seasonal patterns and space-time clustering of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) cases from 2008 to 2016 in Vietnam. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66:986\u201394.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"2236_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1044-1","volume":"13","author":"HS Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee HS, Khong NV, Xuan HN, Nghia VB, Nguyen-Viet H, Grace D. Sero-prevalence of specific Leptospira serovars in fattening pigs from 5 provinces in Vietnam. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13:125.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2236_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214701","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214701","volume":"14","author":"HS Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee HS, Thanh TL, Ly NK, Nguyen-Viet H, Thakur KK, Grace D. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis and Japanese encephalitis in swine in ten provinces of Vietnam. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0214701.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2236_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.278","volume":"67","author":"K Laras","year":"2002","unstructured":"Laras K, Van Cao B, Bounlu K, Nguyen TKT, Olson JG, Thongchanh S, et al. The importance of leptospirosis in Southeast Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;67:278\u201386.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2236_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1501.080311","volume":"15","author":"TE Erlanger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Erlanger TE, Weiss S, Keiser J, Utzinger J, Wiedenmayer K. Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2236_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(01)00260-4","volume":"53","author":"S Mortensen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mortensen S, Stryhn H, S\u00f8gaard R, Boklund A, St\u00e4rk KDC, Christensen J, et al. Risk factors for infection of sow herds with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus. Prev Vet Med. 2002;53:83\u2013101.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2236_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03548","volume":"435","author":"M Gilbert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gilbert M, Mitchell A, Bourn D, Mawdsley J, Clifton-Hadley R, Wint W. Cattle movements and bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain. Nature. 2005;435:491.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2236_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2006.04.007","volume":"76","author":"A Ortiz-Pelaez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ortiz-Pelaez A, Pfeiffer DU, Soares-Magalhaes RJ, Guitian FJ. Use of social network analysis to characterize the pattern of animal movements in the initial phases of the 2001 foot and mouth disease (FMD) epidemic in the UK. Prev Vet Med. 2006;76:40\u201355.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2236_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02567-6","volume":"7","author":"G Rossi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rossi G, Smith RL, Pongolini S, Bolzoni L. Modelling farm-to-farm disease transmission through personnel movements: from visits to contacts, and back. Sci Rep. 2017;7:2375.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2236_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.26.804","volume":"150","author":"S Otake","year":"2002","unstructured":"Otake S, Dee SA, Jacobson L, Pijoan C, Torremorell M. Evaluation of aerosol transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus under controlled field conditions. Vet Rec. 2002;150:804.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2236_CR16","first-page":"128","volume":"68","author":"SA Dee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dee SA, Deen J, Otake S, Pijoan C. An experimental model to evaluate the role of transport vehicles as a source of transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus to susceptible pigs. Can J Vet Res. 2004;68:128.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"2236_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.17.525","volume":"152","author":"J Gloster","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gloster J, Champion HJ, S\u00f8rensen JH, Mikkelsen T, Ryall DB, Astrup P, et al. Airborne transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus from Burnside farm, Heddonon-The-Wall, Northumberland, during the 2001 epidemic in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec. 2003;152:525\u201333.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2236_CR18","volume-title":"Prevalence of major pig production diseases in 2 provinces of northern Vietnam (Hoa Binh and Vinh Phuc)","author":"F Unger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Unger F, Nghia VB, Wieland B. Prevalence of major pig production diseases in 2 provinces of northern Vietnam (Hoa Binh and Vinh Phuc); 2016."},{"key":"2236_CR19","first-page":"224","volume":"22","author":"N Van Cuong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Cuong N, Carrique-Mas J, Thu HTV, Hien ND, Hoa NT, Nguyet LA, et al. Serological and virological surveillance for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and influenza a viruses among smallholder swine farms of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. J Swine Heal Prod. 2014;22:224\u201331.","journal-title":"J Swine Heal Prod"},{"key":"2236_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005106","volume":"6","author":"J Segal\u00e9s","year":"2005","unstructured":"Segal\u00e9s J, Allan GM, Domingo M. Porcine circovirus diseases. Anim Health Res Rev. 2005;6:119\u201342.","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"2236_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.10.007","volume":"164","author":"J Segal\u00e9s","year":"2012","unstructured":"Segal\u00e9s J. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections: clinical signs, pathology and laboratory diagnosis. Virus Res. 2012;164:10\u20139.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"2236_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(02)00257-5","volume":"166","author":"J Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim J, Chung H-K, Chae C. Association of porcine circovirus 2 with porcine respiratory disease complex. Vet J. 2003;166:251\u20136.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2236_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12482","volume":"64","author":"HTT Pham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pham HTT, Antoine-Moussiaux N, Grosbois V, Moula N, Truong BD, Phan TD, et al. Financial impacts of priority swine diseases to pig farmers in Red River and Mekong River Delta, Vietnam. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017;64:1168\u201377.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"2236_CR24","first-page":"9","volume":"19","author":"V Le","year":"2012","unstructured":"Le V, Huynh T, Trinh D, Dang H, Do N, Nguyen B. Epidemiology of enzootic pneumonia and using semi-nested PCR to detect. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vietnam Vet Sci Tech. 2012;19:9\u201315.","journal-title":"Vietnam Vet Sci Tech"},{"key":"2236_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1411.071676","volume":"14","author":"Y Feng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Feng Y, Zhao T, Nguyen T, Inui K, Ma Y, Nguyen TH, et al. Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus variants, Vietnam and China, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1774.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2236_CR26","volume-title":"Molecular epidemiology of highly pathogenic PRRS in Vietnam in 2010. Conference Proceeding on 5th Asian Pig Veterinary Society Congress","author":"N Tung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tung N. Molecular epidemiology of highly pathogenic PRRS in Vietnam in 2010. Conference Proceeding on 5th Asian Pig Veterinary Society Congress; 2010."},{"key":"2236_CR27","volume-title":"Department of Animal Health. Annual report","author":"N.N. T. Status of PRRS and disease control in Vietnam","year":"2009","unstructured":"N.N. T. Status of PRRS and disease control in Vietnam. Department of Animal Health. Annual report. 2009."},{"key":"2236_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589803500101","volume":"35","author":"KD Rossow","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rossow KD. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Vet Pathol. 1998;35:1\u201320.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2236_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-184","volume":"7","author":"M Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu M, Wang S, Li L, Lei L, Liu Y, Shi W, et al. Secondary infection with Streptococcus suis serotype 7 increases the virulence of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs. Virol J. 2010;7:184.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"2236_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4889","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.10.4889-4895.2001","volume":"75","author":"W Feng","year":"2001","unstructured":"Feng W, Laster SM, Tompkins M, Brown T, Xu J-S, Altier C, et al. In utero infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is sufficient to increase susceptibility of piglets to challenge by Streptococcus suis type II. J Virol. 2001;75:4889\u201395.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2236_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815000990","volume":"144","author":"VTL Huong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huong VTL, Thanh LV, Phu VD, Trinh DT, Inui K, Tung N, et al. Temporal and spatial association of Streptococcus suis infection in humans and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome outbreaks in pigs in northern Vietnam. Epidemiol Infect. 2016;144:35\u201344.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2236_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5973","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005973","volume":"4","author":"Heiman F. L. Wertheim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wertheim HFL, Nguyen HN, Taylor W, Lien TTM, Ngo HT, Nguyen TQ, et al. Streptococcus suis, an important cause of adult bacterial meningitis in northern Vietnam. PLoS One. 2009;4(6):e5973.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2236_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1086\/527385","volume":"46","author":"N Thi Hoang Mai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thi Hoang Mai N, Thi Hoa N, Vu Thieu Nga T, Dieu Linh L, Thi Hong Chau T, Xuan Sinh D, et al. Streptococcus suis meningitis in adults in Vietnam. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:659\u201367.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2236_CR34","first-page":"39","volume":"88","author":"R Kay","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kay R, Cheng AF, Tse CY. Streptococcus suis infection in Hong Kong. QJM An Int J Med. 1995;88:39\u201347.","journal-title":"QJM An Int J Med"},{"key":"2236_CR35","unstructured":"WHO. Japanese encephalitis. http:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/japanese-encephalitis. Accessed 8 Aug 2019."},{"key":"2236_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37825","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037825","volume":"7","author":"NHD Trung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trung NHD, Phuong TLT, Wolbers M, Van Minh HN, Thanh VN, Van MP, et al. Aetiologies of central nervous system infection in Viet Nam: a prospective provincial hospital-based descriptive surveillance study. PLoS One. 2012;7:e37825.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2236_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0262","volume":"83","author":"NT Yen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yen NT, Duffy MR, Hong NM, Hien NT, Fischer M, Hills SL. Surveillance for Japanese encephalitis in Vietnam, 1998\u20132007. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;83:816\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2236_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf116","volume":"125","author":"T Solomon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Solomon T, Dung NM, Kneen R, Thao LTT, Gainsborough M, Nisalak A, et al. Seizures and raised intracranial pressure in Vietnamese patients with Japanese encephalitis. Brain. 2002;125:1084\u201393.","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"2236_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3127","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003127","volume":"8","author":"NH Phu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Phu NH, Nghia HDT, Van Chuong L, Sinh DX, Phong ND, Mai NTH, et al. Viral aetiology of central nervous system infections in adults admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in southern Vietnam over 12 years. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e3127.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2236_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0471","volume":"96","author":"HS Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee HS, Nguyen-Viet H, Lee M, Duc PP, Grace D. Seasonality of viral encephalitis and associated environmental risk factors in son La and Thai Binh provinces in Vietnam from 2004 to 2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;96:110\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2236_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monath TP. The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2019.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429280245"},{"key":"2236_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127878.x","volume":"170","author":"JN Hanna","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Hills SL, van den Hurk AF, Phillips DA, Pyke AT, et al. Japanese encephalitis in North Queensland, Australia, 1998. Med J Aust. 1999;170:533\u20136.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2236_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0195","volume":"86","author":"JV Conlan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Conlan JV, Vongxay K, Jarman RG, Gibbons RV, Lunt RA, Fenwick S, et al. Serologic study of pig-associated viral zoonoses in Laos. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86:1077\u201384.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2236_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.07.008","volume":"120","author":"V Duong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Duong V, Sorn S, Holl D, Rani M, Deubel V, Buchy P. Evidence of Japanese encephalitis virus infections in swine populations in 8 provinces of Cambodia: implications for national Japanese encephalitis vaccination policy. Acta Trop. 2011;120:146\u201350.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2236_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1373.013","volume":"1081","author":"GR Pant","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pant GR. A serological survey of pigs, horses, and ducks in Nepal for evidence of infection with Japanese encephalitis virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1081:124\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2236_CR46","first-page":"12","volume":"35","author":"KJ Chang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chang KJ. Seasonal prevalence of anti-Japanese encephalitis virus antibody in pigs in different regions of Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi. 2002;35:12\u20136.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi"},{"key":"2236_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.63.58","volume":"63","author":"A Yamanaka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yamanaka A, Mulyatno KC, Susilowati H, Hendrianto E, Utsumi T, Amin M, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus among pigs in Bali and East Java, Indonesia, 2008. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2010;63:58\u201360.","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2236_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.090149","volume":"15","author":"SL Hills","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hills SL, Phillips DC. Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1333.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2236_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127878.x","volume":"170","author":"JN Hanna","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, Lee JM, Hills SL, Van Den Hurk AF, et al. Japanese encephalitis in North Queensland, Australia, 1998. Med J Aust. 1999;170:533\u20136.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2236_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(01)00263-X","volume":"53","author":"S Boqvist","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boqvist S, Chau BL, Gunnarsson A, Engvall EO, V\u00e5gsholm I, Magnusson U. Animal-and herd-level risk factors for leptospiral seropositivity among sows in the Mekong deltan, Vietnam. Prev Vet Med. 2002;53:233\u201345.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2236_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1976.34320","volume-title":"Isolation of a leptospire belonging to serogroup tarassovi","author":"TJ Ryan","year":"1976","unstructured":"Ryan TJ, Marshall RB. Isolation of a leptospire belonging to serogroup tarassovi; 1976."},{"key":"2236_CR52","unstructured":"Rocha T. Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar Mozdok from aborted swine fetuses in Portugal. Vet Rec. 1990;126(24)."},{"key":"2236_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.118.3.63","volume":"118","author":"WA Ellis","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ellis WA, McParland PJ, Bryson DG, Cassells JA. Prevalence of Leptospira infection in aborted pigs in Northern Ireland. Vet Rec. 1986;118:63\u20135.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2236_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1305.061302","volume":"13","author":"A Jansen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jansen A, Luge E, Guerra B, Wittschen P, Gruber AD, Loddenkemper C, et al. Leptospirosis in urban wild boars, Berlin, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:739.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2236_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814003331","volume":"143","author":"HM Vale-Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vale-Gon\u00e7alves HM, Cabral JA, Faria MC, Nunes-Pereira M, Faria AS, Veloso O, et al. Prevalence of Leptospira antibodies in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from northern Portugal: risk factor analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143:2126\u201330.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2236_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.12.009","volume":"84","author":"ML Brennan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brennan ML, Kemp R, Christley RM. Direct and indirect contacts between cattle farms in north-West England. Prev Vet Med. 2008;84:242\u201360.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2236_CR57","unstructured":"FAO. ASF updated http:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/againfo\/programmes\/en\/empres\/ASF\/situation_update.html. Accessed 9 Sept 2019."},{"key":"2236_CR58","unstructured":"GSO. https:\/\/www.gso.gov.vn\/Default_en.aspx?tabid=766. Accessed 12 Aug 2019."}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-2236-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-020-2236-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-020-2236-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T02:50:57Z","timestamp":1695610257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-020-2236-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-2236-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Hanoi University of Public Health (HUPH), Vietnam (Reference Number IRB\/018\u2013186\/DD-YTCC. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all owners to collect samples from the pigs. IRB approved to receive the verbal informed consent as most of the farmers were either illiterate or semi-literate. This consent form was dated and signed by the researchers indicating that \u201cI have read and explained this consent form to the participant before receiving the participant\u2019s consent, and the participant had knowledge of its contents and appeared to understand it\u201d.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Barbara Wieland is a member of the editorial board.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15"}}