{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T13:09:23Z","timestamp":1740143363860,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580428800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008788","name":"Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008788","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ohio State University URAP","award":["00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Detection of <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> microfilaria (mf) is an important diagnostic skill in veterinary medicine and is critical to Day 1 veterinarians and technicians. Finding a supply of blood containing mf to teach the technique and formalin\u2019s adverse environmental effects used in the diagnostic microscopic tests present a challenge.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study evaluated the use of cryopreserved and recently drawn mf-infected blood along with two fixative reagents, acetic acid or formalin for mf detection. The specific aims included determining if veterinary students could 1) detect cryopreserved mf added to fresh blood using routine diagnostic testing and 2) detect morphological differences in the mf. The 236 students were kept blind from the sample status. The ability of the students to identify mf and the mf morphology were compared for the samples and fixatives evaluated. The results demonstrate using a combination of cryopreservation and acetic acid for teaching microfilaria diagnostic techniques is fleasible; however, the quality of the mf morphology is less than optimal when compared to freshly acquired mf containing blood. Compared to reference values, the mf demonstrated a decrease in size with each additional variable evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A majority (98.3%) of the 236 students correctly identified the presence of mf. Teaching laboratories could utilize cryopreserved mf-spiked donor blood in lieu of freshly collected mf-containing blood from a naturally or experimentally infected dog. Substitution of less hazardous chemicals for the fixative can be used. Finally, the change in size measurements provides a mechanism to ensure students can correctly measure mf as students are required to do verifiable measurements and cannot copy reference values from a text book since the cryopreservation and fixation methods cause the mf to measure smaller than textbook reference values.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-2248-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T19:02:59Z","timestamp":1580497379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Feasibility and comparative analysis of Dirofilaria immitis microfilaria freezing and fixation for student instruction and assessment of clinical parasitology skills"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sidney A.","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaylyn","family":"Rhinehart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Shrake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoinette E.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2248_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1804-y","volume":"9","author":"DD Bowman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowman DD, Liu Y, McMahan CS, Nordone SK, Yabsley MJ, Lund RB. Forecasting United States heartworm Dirofilaria immitis prevalence in dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:540.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2248_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-264","volume":"7","author":"D Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang D, Bowman DD, Brown HE, Harrington LC, Kaufman PE, McKay T, Newlson CT, Sharp JL. Factors influencing U.S. canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) prevalence. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:264.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"2248_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.29252\/ibj.22.4.283","volume":"22","author":"R Solgi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Solgi R, Sadjjadi SM, Mohebali M, Zarei Z, Golkar M, Raz A. Development of new recombinant DgK antigen for diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis infections in dogs using ELISA technique and its comparison to molecular methods. 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