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Whole 16S rRNA gene sequencing allowed the identification at species level of the\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. isolates. The majority of the field strains were identified as\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella pluranimalium,<\/jats:italic>\n                      but\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella porci<\/jats:italic>\n                      was also detected. In addition, a cluster of 7 strains did not group with any described\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, probably representing a new species. Subsequent phenotypic characterization indicated that strains of\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella pluranimalium<\/jats:italic>\n                      were mainly sensitive to serum complement, while the cluster representing the putative new species was highly resistant. Biofilm formation capacity was very variable among the\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. isolates, while adherence to epithelial cell lines was similar among selected strains. Additionally, variability was also observed in the association of selected strains to porcine alveolar macrophages. Antimicrobial tests evidenced the existence of multidrug-resistance in the strains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In summary, phenotypic characterization revealed heterogeneity among\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains from the nasal cavity of piglets. Strains with pathogenic potential were detected as well as those that may be commensal members of the nasal microbiota. However, the role of\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in porcine diseases and health should be further evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-2250-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T13:02:39Z","timestamp":1580389359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Heterogeneity of Moraxella isolates found in the nasal cavities of piglets"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sergi","family":"L\u00f3pez-Serrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Galofr\u00e9-Mil\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar","family":"Costa-Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"P\u00e9rez-de-Rozas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3470-6015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Aragon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2250_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.1.125-144.2002","volume":"15","author":"CM Verduin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Verduin CM, Hol C, Fleer A, van Dijk H, van Belkum A. 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Piglet sampling was part of routine veterinary practice in the farms. Sampling of piglets was done under institutional authorization and followed good veterinary practices. According to European (Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes) and Spanish (Real Decreto 53\/2013) normative, this procedure did not require specific approval by an Ethical Committee. Nasal sampling was performed only once to each piglet and is not likely to cause pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm equivalent to, or higher than, that caused by the introduction of a needle in accordance with good veterinary practice (Chapter I, Article 1, 5 (f) of 2010\/63\/EU). Blood sampling of rabbit to obtain serum was performed following good veterinary practices and the above mentioned normative. For PAMs, following Article 18 of 2010\/63\/EU (Sharing organs and tissues), lungs were obtained from animals killed for other reasons.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests. None of the authors has any financial or personal relationships that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"28"}}