{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:47:29Z","timestamp":1792198049425,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute hepatitis in humans worldwide and have high burden in the resource-limited countries. Better knowledge of the epidemiology of hepatitis in animals in Africa can help to understand the epidemiology among humans. The objective of this study was to summarize the prevalence of HEV infection and distribution of HEV genotypes among animals in Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we comprehensively searched PubMed, EMBASE, African Journals Online, and Africa Index Medicus from January 1st, 2000 to March 22th, 2020 without any language restriction. We considered cross-sectional studies of HEV infection in animals in Africa. Study selection, data extraction, and methodological quality of included studies were done independently by two investigators. Prevalence data were pooled using the random-effects meta-analysis. This review was registered in PROSPERO, CRD42018087684.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-five studies (13 species and 6983 animals) were included. The prevalence (antibodies or ribonucleic acid [RNA]) of HEV infection in animals varied widely depending on biological markers of HEV infection measured: 23.4% (95% confidence interval; 12.0\u201337.2) for anti-HEV immunoglobulins G, 13.1% (3.1\u201328.3) for anti-HEV immunoglobulins M, and 1.8% (0.2\u20134.3) for RNA; with substantial heterogeneity. In subgroup analysis, the immunoglobulins G seroprevalence was higher among pigs 37.8% (13.9\u201365.4). The following HEV genotypes were reported in animals: Rat-HEV genotype 1 (rats and horses), HEV-3 (pigs), HEV-7 (dromedaries), and Bat hepeviruses (bats).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found a high prevalence of HEV infection in animals in Africa and HEV genotypes close to that of humans. Some animals in Africa could be the reservoir of HEV, highlighting the need of molecular epidemiological studies for investigating zoonotic transmission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02749-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T12:06:05Z","timestamp":1611576365000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in animals in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Abdou Fatawou","family":"Modiyinji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Joel","family":"Bigna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Kenmoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredy Brice N.","family":"Simo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie A.","family":"Amougou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie S.","family":"Ndangang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moise","family":"Nola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Njouom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"2749_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.068429-0","volume":"95","author":"DB Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith DB, Simmonds P, Jameel S, Emerson SU, Harrison TJ, Meng XJ, Okamoto H, Van der Poel WH, Purdy MA. Consensus proposals for classification of the family Hepeviridae. J Gen Virol. 2014;95(Pt 10):2223\u201332.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2749_CR2","volume-title":"Hepatitis E virus and related viruses in wild, domestic and zoo animals: A review","author":"C Spahr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spahr C, Knauf-Witzens T, Vahlenkamp T, Ulrich RG, Johne R. Hepatitis E virus and related viruses in wild, domestic and zoo animals: A review; 2017."},{"issue":"11","key":"2749_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000940","volume":"98","author":"MA Purdy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Purdy MA, Harrison TJ, Jameel S, Meng XJ, Okamoto H, Van der Poel WHM, Smith DB, Ictv Report C. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Hepeviridae. J Gen Virol. 2017;98(11):2645\u20136.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2749_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160979","volume":"22","author":"PC Woo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woo PC, Lau SK, Teng JL, Cao KY, Wernery U, Schountz T, Chiu TH, Tsang AK, Wong PC, Wong EY, et al. New hepatitis E virus genotype in Bactrian camels, Xinjiang, China, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(12):2219\u201321.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2749_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12405","volume":"65","author":"C Spahr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spahr C, Knauf-Witzens T, Vahlenkamp T, Ulrich RG, Johne R. Hepatitis E virus and related viruses in wild, domestic and zoo animals: A review. Zoonoses Public Health. 2017;65(1):11\u201329.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"2749_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.029470-0","volume":"92","author":"M Takahashi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Sato H, Sato Y, Jirintai, Nagashima S, Okamoto H. Analysis of the full-length genome of a hepatitis E virus isolate obtained from a wild boar in Japan that is classifiable into a novel genotype. J Gen Virol. 2011;92(Pt 4):902\u20138.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2749_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.10.048","volume":"150","author":"GH Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee GH, Tan BH, Teo EC, Lim SG, Dan YY, Wee A, Aw PP, Zhu Y, Hibberd ML, Tan CK, et al. Chronic Infection With Camelid Hepatitis E Virus in a Liver Transplant Recipient Who Regularly Consumes Camel Meat and Milk. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(2):355\u20137 e353.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2749_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2207.160168","volume":"22","author":"A Rasche","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rasche A, Saqib M, Liljander AM, Bornstein S, Zohaib A, Renneker S, Steinhagen K, Wernery R, Younan M, Gluecks I, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in dromedaries, north and East Africa, United Arab Emirates, and Pakistan, 1983-2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(7):1249\u201352.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2749_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sridhar S, Teng JLL, Chiu TH, Lau SKP, PCY W. Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes and Evolution: Emergence of Camel Hepatitis E Variants. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(4):869.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040869"},{"issue":"12","key":"2749_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.180937","volume":"24","author":"S Sridhar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sridhar S, Yip CCY, Wu S, Cai J, Zhang AJ, Leung KH, Chung TWH, Chan JFW, Chan WM, Teng JLL, et al. Rat hepatitis E virus as cause of persistent hepatitis after liver transplant. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(12):2241\u201350.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2749_CR11","unstructured":"Viral hepatitis [http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gb\/ebwha\/pdf_files\/WHA63\/A63_15-en.pdf]."},{"issue":"1","key":"2749_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.05.004","volume":"58","author":"T Feldt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feldt T, Sarfo FS, Zoufaly A, Phillips RO, Burchard G, van Lunzen J, Jochum J, Chadwick D, Awasom C, Claussen L, et al. Hepatitis E virus infections in HIV-infected patients in Ghana and Cameroon. J Clin Virol. 2013;58(1):18\u201323.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2749_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.150","volume":"15","author":"I Nimgaonkar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nimgaonkar I, Ding Q, Schwartz RE, Ploss A. Hepatitis E virus: advances and challenges. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15(2):96\u2013110.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2749_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-308","volume":"14","author":"JH Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim JH, Nelson KE, Panzner U, Kasture Y, Labrique AB, Wierzba TF. A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:308.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2749_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.12.008","volume":"48","author":"RH Purcell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Purcell RH, Emerson SU. Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. J Hepatol. 2008;48(3):494\u2013503.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2749_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1038-0","volume":"8","author":"AF Modiyinji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Modiyinji AF, Bigna JJ, Simo FBN, Nola M, Ndangang MS, Kenmoe S, Njouom R. Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in animals in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Syst Rev. 2019;8(1):120.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"2749_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","volume":"62","author":"A Liberati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):e1\u201334.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2749_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, Riitano D, Tufanaru C. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015;13(3):147\u201353.","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054"},{"key":"2749_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021","volume":"75","author":"J McGowan","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;75:40\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2749_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014","volume":"65","author":"D Hoy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoy D, Brooks P, Woolf A, Blyth F, March L, Bain C, Baker P, Smith E, Buchbinder R. Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(9):934\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2749_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-203104","volume":"67","author":"JJ Barendregt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barendregt JJ, Doi SA, Lee YY, Norman RE, Vos T. Meta-analysis of prevalence. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(11):974\u20138.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2749_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2307\/3001666","volume":"10","author":"WG Cochran","year":"1954","unstructured":"Cochran WG. The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics. 1954;10(1):101\u201329.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2749_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539\u201358.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"7109","key":"2749_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 1997;315(7109):629\u201334.","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed)"},{"key":"2749_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkali BR, Bello M, Hussaini S, Onwuliri CO. Serological evidence and public health implication of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs found in Zaria, Kaduna State. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2015;9(46):2270\u20134.","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2015.7555"},{"issue":"33","key":"2749_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2018.8816","volume":"12","author":"BR Alkali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alkali BR, Shuaibu AB, Bello M, Abubakar MB, Daneji AI. Sero-prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 in goats from Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2018;12(33):815\u20139.","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2749_CR27","first-page":"666","volume":"19","author":"VS de Paula","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Paula VS, Wiele M, Mbunkah AH, Daniel AM, Kingsley MT, Schmidt-Chanasit J. Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 strains in domestic pigs, Cameroon. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(4):666\u20138.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"2749_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9134","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00800-12","volume":"86","author":"JF Drexler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Drexler JF, Seelen A, Corman VM, Fumie Tateno A, Cottontail V, Melim Zerbinati R, Gloza-Rausch F, Klose SM, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Oppong SK, et al. Bats worldwide carry hepatitis E virus-related viruses that form a putative novel genus within the family Hepeviridae. J Virol. 2012;86(17):9134\u201347.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2749_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01516.x","volume":"60","author":"WF El-Tras","year":"2013","unstructured":"El-Tras WF, Tayel AA, El-Kady NN. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in humans and geographically matched food animals in Egypt. Zoonoses Public Health. 2013;60(3):244\u201351.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2749_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(16)61116-7","volume":"6","author":"NH Ghoneim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghoneim NH, Abdel-Aziz Abdel-Moein K, Hamza DA, Hagag NM. Occurrence of human hepatitis E virus in Norway rats: a zoonotic potential with great public health implications. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2016;6(9):718\u201321.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2749_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2011.126","volume":"9","author":"L Guerrero-Latorre","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guerrero-Latorre L, Carratala A, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Calgua B, Hundesa A, Girones R. Occurrence of water-borne enteric viruses in two settlements based in eastern Chad: analysis of hepatitis E virus, hepatitis a virus and human adenovirus in water sources. J Water Health. 2011;9(3):515\u201324.","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2749_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1086\/504321","volume":"42","author":"JP Guthmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guthmann JP, Klovstad H, Boccia D, Hamid N, Pinoges L, Nizou JY, Tatay M, Diaz F, Moren A, Grais RF, et al. A large outbreak of hepatitis E among a displaced population in Darfur, Sudan, 2004: the role of water treatment methods. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(12):1685\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2749_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.185_12425","volume":"22","author":"O Isaeva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Isaeva O, Ahmed Eladly M, Kiuregyan K, Potemkin I, Gordeychuk I, Karlsen A, Zhavoronok S, Mikhailov M. Rabbit hepatitis E virus circulation in endemic and non-endemic regions. J Viral Hepat. 2015;22:121\u20132.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"2749_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.9734\/BMRJ\/2014\/10203","volume":"4","author":"SA Junaid","year":"2014","unstructured":"Junaid SA, Agina SE, Jaiye K. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus among domestic animals in plateau state-Nigeria. Br Microbiol Res J. 2014;4:924\u201334.","journal-title":"Br Microbiol Res J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2749_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.09.011","volume":"10","author":"M Kaba","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaba M, Colson P, Musongela JP, Tshilolo L, Davoust B. Detection of hepatitis E virus of genotype 3 in a farm pig in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Infect Genet Evol. 2010;10(1):154\u20137.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2749_CR36","first-page":"8","volume":"27","author":"M Katagwa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Katagwa M, Ssemadaali MA, Tumwine G, Majalija S, Mugisha L. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in slaughter pigs and practices of abattoir workers in Kampala, Uganda. Pan Afr Med J. 2017;27(4):8.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2749_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2017.04.008","volume":"246","author":"TC Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li TC, Yoshizaki S, Zhou X, Sentsui H, Shirato K, Matsuyama S, Melaku SK, Bazartseren B, Takeda N, Wakita T. Serological evidence of hepatitis E virus infection in dromedary camels in Ethiopia. J Virol Methods. 2017;246:34\u20137.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2749_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-018-1700-x","volume":"51","author":"JR Mesquita","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mesquita JR, Istrate C, Santos-Ferreira NL, Ferreira AS, Abreu-Silva J, Veiga J, van der Poel WHM, Nascimento MSJ. Short communication: detection and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus in domestic animals of Sao Tome and Principe. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2019;51(2):481\u20135.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"08","key":"2749_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.10310","volume":"12","author":"AF Modiyinji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Modiyinji AF, Nola M, Monamele GC, Atsama MA, Njouom R. High seroprevalence of hepatitis E among pigs suggests an animal reservoir in Cameroon. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2018;12(08):676\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"4","key":"2749_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/jamb\/2019\/v15i430110","volume":"15","author":"JB Ouoba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ouoba JB, Ouedraogo A, Kuan T, Ouoba BL, Rouamba H, Zerbo LH, Moctar S, Traore A, Roques PA, Barro N. Serological evidence of hepatitis E virus in dromedary camels in the Sahelian Zone of West Africa. J Adv Microbiol. 2019;15(4):1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Adv Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2749_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0144","volume":"91","author":"OA Owolodun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Owolodun OA, Gerber PF, Gimenez-Lirola LG, Kwaga JK, Opriessnig T. First report of hepatitis E virus circulation in domestic pigs in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91(4):699\u2013704.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2749_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2006.07.007","volume":"7","author":"MD Saad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saad MD, Hussein HA, Bashandy MM, Kamel HH, Earhart KC, Fryauff DJ, Younan M, Mohamed AH. Hepatitis E virus infection in work horses in Egypt. Infect Genet Evol. 2007;7(3):368\u201373.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2749_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0615","volume":"88","author":"S Temmam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Temmam S, Besnard L, Andriamandimby SF, Foray C, Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Heraud JM, Cardinale E, Dellagi K, Pavio N, Pascalis H, et al. High prevalence of hepatitis E in humans and pigs and evidence of genotype-3 virus in swine, Madagascar. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88(2):329\u201338.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2749_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0321","volume":"93","author":"KA Traore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Traore KA, Ouoba JB, Huot N, Rogee S, Dumarest M, Traore AS, Pavio N, Barro N, Roques P. Hepatitis E virus exposure is increased in pork butchers from Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;93(6):1356\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2749_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2018.1514507","volume":"39","author":"RE Antia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Antia RE, Adekola AA. Hepatitis E virus infection seroprevalence and the associated risk factors in animals raised in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2018;39(5):509\u201320.","journal-title":"J Immunoassay Immunochem"},{"key":"2749_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meseko C, Odurinde O, Odaibo G, Olaleye D: Serological Evidence and Risk Factors Associated With Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Pigs and Human at an Intensive Piggery Complex, Lagos Nigeria. J Health Commun 2016;1(1):5.","DOI":"10.4172\/2472-1654.10005"},{"issue":"2","key":"2749_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0229073","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229073","volume":"15","author":"AF Modiyinji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Modiyinji AF, Sanding G, Atsama MA, Monamele CG, Nola M, Njouom R. Serological and molecular investigation of hepatitis E virus in pigs reservoirs from Cameroon reveals elevated seroprevalence and presence of genotype 3. PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0229073.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"2749_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12430","volume":"48","author":"AF Modiyinji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Modiyinji AF, Amougou Atsama M, Monamele Chavely G, Nola M, Njouom R. Detection of hepatitis E virus antibodies among Cercopithecidae and Hominidae monkeys in Cameroon. J Med Primatol. 2019;48(6):364\u20136.","journal-title":"J Med Primatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2749_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0436-3","volume":"48","author":"M Salines","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salines M, Andraud M, Rose N. From the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) within the swine reservoir to public health risk mitigation strategies: a comprehensive review. Vet Res. 2017;48(1):31.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2749_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12555","volume":"66","author":"N Yue","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yue N, Wang Q, Zheng M, Wang D. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection among people and swine in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Zoonoses Public Health. 2019;66(3):265\u201375.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2749_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-015-1194-9","volume":"50","author":"J Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu J, Si F, Jiang C, Li T, Jin M. Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus in sheep from southern Xinjiang, China. Virus Genes. 2015;50(3):410\u20137.","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"issue":"11","key":"2749_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24843","volume":"89","author":"F Long","year":"2017","unstructured":"Long F, Yu W, Yang C, Wang J, Li Y, Li Y, Huang F. High prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in goats. J Med Virol. 2017;89(11):1981\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2749_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.09.008","volume":"225","author":"B Di Martino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Melegari I, Sarchese V, Robetto S, Marsilio F, Martella V. Detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in goats. Virus Res. 2016;225:69\u201372.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2749_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2006.140140","volume":"20","author":"PC Woo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Woo PC, Lau SK, Teng JL, Tsang AK, Joseph M, Wong EY, Tang Y, Sivakumar S, Xie J, Bai R, et al. New hepatitis E virus genotype in camels, the Middle East. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(6):1044\u20138.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2749_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.07.001","volume":"208","author":"R Ryll","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ryll R, Bernstein S, Heuser E, Schlegel M, Dremsek P, Zumpe M, Wolf S, Pepin M, Bajomi D, Muller G, et al. Detection of rat hepatitis E virus in wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and Black rats (Rattus rattus) from 11 European countries. Vet Microbiol. 2017;208:58\u201368.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2749_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal R, Goel A. Natural History, Clinical Manifestations, and Pathogenesis of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 1 and 2 Infections. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018;9(7):a032136.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a032136"},{"issue":"12","key":"2749_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21040","volume":"79","author":"C Zhao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhao C, Li Z, Yan B, Harrison TJ, Guo X, Zhang F, Yin J, Yan Y, Wang Y. Comparison of real-time fluorescent RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR for the detection of hepatitis E virus genotypes prevalent in China. J Med Virol. 2007;79(12):1966\u201373.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2749_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.11.002","volume":"291","author":"Y Geng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Geng Y, Zhao C, Huang W, Wang X, Xu Y, Wu D, Du Y, Liu H, Wang Y. Hepatitis E virus was not detected in feces and milk of cows in Hebei province of China: no evidence for HEV prevalence in cows. Int J Food Microbiol. 2018;291:5\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2749_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28668","volume":"64","author":"F Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang F, Li Y, Yu W, Jing S, Wang J, Long F, He Z, Yang C, Bi Y, Cao W, et al. Excretion of infectious hepatitis E virus into milk in cows imposes high risks of zoonosis. Hepatology. 2016;64(2):350\u20139.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2749_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.11.002","volume":"291","author":"Y Geng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geng Y, Zhao C, Huang W, Wang X, Xu Y, Wu D, Du Y, Liu H, Wang Y. Hepatitis E virus was not detected in feces and milk of cows in Hebei province of China: no evidence for HEV prevalence in cows. Int J Food Microbiol. 2019;291:5\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"2749_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.009","volume":"281","author":"AS Vercouter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vercouter AS, Sayed IM, Lipkens Z, De Bleecker K, De Vliegher S, Colman R, Koppelman M, Supre K, Meuleman P. Absence of zoonotic hepatitis E virus infection in Flemish dairy cows. Int J Food Microbiol. 2018;281:54\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2749_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12483","volume":"65","author":"SE Tritz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tritz SE, Khounvisith V, Pommasichan S, Ninnasopha K, Keosengthong A, Phoutana V, Camoin M, Hubschen JM, Black AP, Muller CP, et al. Evidence of increased hepatitis E virus exposure in Lao villagers with contact to ruminants. Zoonoses Public Health. 2018;65(6):690\u2013701.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2749_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corneillie L, Banda DH, Meuleman P. Animal Models for Hepatitis E virus. Viruses. 2019;11(6):564.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060564"},{"issue":"12","key":"2749_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.051041","volume":"11","author":"TC Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li TC, Chijiwa K, Sera N, Ishibashi T, Etoh Y, Shinohara Y, Kurata Y, Ishida M, Sakamoto S, Takeda N, et al. Hepatitis E virus transmission from wild boar meat. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(12):1958\u201360.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"2749_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.016584-0","volume":"91","author":"R Johne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johne R, Plenge-Bonig A, Hess M, Ulrich RG, Reetz J, Schielke A. Detection of a novel hepatitis E-like virus in faeces of wild rats using a nested broad-spectrum RT-PCR. J Gen Virol. 2010;91(Pt 3):750\u20138.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2749_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-015-9210-8","volume":"7","author":"A Ivanova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ivanova A, Tefanova V, Reshetnjak I, Kuznetsova T, Geller J, Lundkvist A, Janson M, Neare K, Velstrom K, Jokelainen P, et al. Hepatitis E virus in domestic pigs, wild boars, pig farm workers, and hunters in Estonia. Food Environ Virol. 2015;7(4):403\u201312.","journal-title":"Food Environ Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2749_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0128703","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128703","volume":"10","author":"A McElroy","year":"2015","unstructured":"McElroy A, Hiraide R, Bexfield N, Jalal H, Brownlie J, Goodfellow I, Caddy SL. Detection of hepatitis E virus antibodies in dogs in the United Kingdom. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128703.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"2749_CR68","first-page":"1771","volume":"66","author":"J Caballero-Gomez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caballero-Gomez J, Rivero-Juarez A, Cano-Terriza D, Risalde MA, Lopez-Lopez P, Frias M, Jimenez-Ruiz S, Rivero A, Garcia-Bocanegra I. Survey for hepatitis E virus infection in non-human primates in zoos in Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66(4):1771\u20135.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2749_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-4089-y","volume":"164","author":"AK Matczuk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matczuk AK, Cwiek K, Wieliczko A. Avian hepatitis E virus is widespread among chickens in Poland and belongs to genotype 2. Arch Virol. 2019;164(2):595\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2749_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1086\/593212","volume":"198","author":"MH Kuniholm","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuniholm MH, Nelson KE. Of organ meats and hepatitis E virus: one part of a larger puzzle is solved. J Infect Dis. 2008;198(12):1727\u20138.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2749_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2010018","volume":"41","author":"N Pavio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pavio N, Meng XJ, Renou C. Zoonotic hepatitis E: animal reservoirs and emerging risks. Vet Res. 2010;41(6):46.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2749_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809990847","volume":"138","author":"HC Lewis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lewis HC, Wichmann O, Duizer E. Transmission routes and risk factors for autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection in Europe: a systematic review. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138(2):145\u201366.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2749_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0483-9","volume":"48","author":"N Pavio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pavio N, Doceul V, Bagdassarian E, Johne R. Recent knowledge on hepatitis E virus in Suidae reservoirs and transmission routes to human. Vet Res. 2017;48(1):78.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2749_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12548","volume":"66","author":"X Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang X, Huang Y, Wagner AL, Chen X, Lu Y. Hepatitis E virus infection in swine workers: a meta-analysis. Zoonoses Public Health. 2019;66(1):155\u201363.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2749_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.03.051","volume":"119","author":"SF Syed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Syed SF, Zhao Q, Umar M, Alagawany M, Ujjan IA, Soomro F, Bangulzai N, Baloch AH, Abd El-Hack M, Zhou EM, et al. Past, present and future of hepatitis E virus infection: zoonotic perspectives. Microb Pathog. 2018;119:103\u20138.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02749-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02749-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02749-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T02:18:26Z","timestamp":1697681906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02749-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02749-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"50"}}