{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T15:24:24Z","timestamp":1761578664942,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002873","name":"Chulalongkorn University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant for graduate student, Faculty of Veterinary Science"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant for graduate student, Faculty of Veterinary Science"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is difficult to examine mild to moderate feline intra-thoracic lymphadenopathy via and thoracic radiography. Despite previous information from computed tomographic (CT) images of intra-thoracic lymph nodes, some factors from animals and CT setting were less elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of internal factors from animals and external factors from the CT procedure on the feasibility to detect the intra-thoracic lymph nodes. Twenty-four, client-owned, clinically healthy cats were categorized into three groups according to age. They underwent pre- and post-contrast enhanced CT for whole thorax followed by inter-group evaluation and comparison of sternal, cranial mediastinal, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Post contrast-enhanced CT appearances revealed that intra-thoracic lymph nodes of kittens were invisible, whereas the sternal, cranial mediastinal, and tracheobronchial nodes of cats aged over 7\u2009months old were detected (6\/24, 9\/24 and 7\/24, respectively). Maximum width of these lymph nodes were 3.93\u2009\u00b1\u20090.74\u2009mm, 4.02\u2009\u00b1\u20090.65\u2009mm, and 3.51\u2009\u00b1\u20090.62\u2009mm, respectively. By age, lymph node sizes of these cats were not significantly different. Transverse lymph node width of males was larger than that of females (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0425). Besides, the detection score of lymph nodes was affected by slice thickness (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and lymph node width (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0049). Furthermore, an irregular, soft tissue structure, possibly the thymus, was detected in all juvenile cats and three mature cats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite additional information on intra-thoracic lymph nodes in CT images, which can be used to investigate lymphatic-related abnormalities, age, sex, and slice thickness of CT images must be also considered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02771-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T13:06:26Z","timestamp":1611839186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multi-factorial considerations for intra-thoracic lymph node evaluations of healthy cats on computed tomographic images"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5875-5225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ninlawan","family":"Thammasiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4548-549X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chutimon","family":"Thanaboonnipat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7169-6699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Choisunirachon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5873-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damri","family":"Darawiroj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2771_CR1","first-page":"94","volume-title":"Introduction to veterinary anatomy and physiology","author":"V Aspinall","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aspinall V, O\u2019Reilly M. The blood vascular system. In: O\u2019reilly M, Aspinall V, editors. Introduction to veterinary anatomy and physiology. 1st ed. Toronto: Butterworth Heinemann; 2004. p. 94\u20137.","edition":"1"},{"key":"2771_CR2","first-page":"1652","volume-title":"Sisson and Grossman\u2019s the anatomy of the domestic animals","author":"S Sisson","year":"1975","unstructured":"Sisson S, Grossman JD, Getty R. Lymphatic system. In: Rosenbaum CE, Ghoshal NG, Hillman D, editors. Sisson and Grossman\u2019s the anatomy of the domestic animals. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1975. p. 1652\u201370."},{"key":"2771_CR3","first-page":"357","volume-title":"The anatomy of the domestic animals","author":"B Vollerhaus","year":"1981","unstructured":"Vollerhaus B. Lymphatic system. In: Schummer A, Wilkens H, Vollmerhaus B, Habermehl KH, editors. The anatomy of the domestic animals. Germany: Springer; 1981. p. 357\u20139."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith AJ, Sutton DR, Major AC. CT appearance of presumptively normal intrathoracic lymph nodes in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X19886672.","key":"2771_CR4","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19886672"},{"key":"2771_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.06.016","volume":"143","author":"E Magden","year":"2011","unstructured":"Magden E, Quackenbush SL, VandeWoude S. FIV associated neoplasms\u2014a mini-review. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011;143:227\u201334.","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2771_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1053\/svms.2003.36623","volume":"18","author":"SN Ettinger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ettinger SN. Principles of treatment for feline lymphoma. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 2003;18:98\u2013102.","journal-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"2771_CR7","first-page":"329","volume":"19","author":"M Louwerens","year":"2005","unstructured":"Louwerens M, London CA, Pedersen NC, Lyons LA. Feline lymphoma in the post\u2014feline leukemia virus era. J Vet Intern Med. 2005;19:329\u201335.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2771_CR8","first-page":"53","volume":"56","author":"TB Hugo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hugo TB, Heading KL. Prolonged survival of a cat diagnosed with feline infectious peritonitis by immunohistochemistry. Can Vet J. 2015;56:53\u20138.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2771_CR9","first-page":"1246","volume":"49","author":"JK Yamamoto","year":"1988","unstructured":"Yamamoto JK, Sparger E, Ho EW, Andersen PR, O'Connor TP, Mandell CP, Lowenstine L, Munn R, Pedersen NC. Pathogenesis of experimentally induced feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49(8):1246\u201358.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reharison and Sautet, 2006: Raharison F and Sautet J. Lymph drainage of the mammary glands in female cats. J Morphol. 2006;267:292\u2013299.","key":"2771_CR10","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10403"},{"key":"2771_CR11","first-page":"1493","volume":"15","author":"KS Rogers","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rogers KS, Barton CL, Landis M. Canine and feline lymph nodes. Part II. Diagnostic evaluation of lymphadenopathy. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 1993;15:1493\u2013503.","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet"},{"key":"2771_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12075","volume":"54","author":"M Beukers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beukers M, Grosso FV, Voorhout G. Computed tomographic characteristics of presumed normal canine abdominal lymph nodes. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2013;54:610\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound."},{"key":"2771_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.9.1377","volume":"73","author":"S Nemanic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nemanic S, Nelson NC. Ultrasonography and noncontrast computed tomography of medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res. 2012;73:1377\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2771_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15088","volume":"32","author":"M Perlini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Perlini M, Bugbee A, Secrest S. Computed tomographic appearance of abdominal lymph nodes in healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32:1070\u20136.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"unstructured":"AAHA guideline: BCS and MCS. https:\/\/www.aaha.org\/aaha-guidelines\/nutritional-assessment-configuration\/bcs-and-mcs\/. .","key":"2771_CR15"},{"key":"2771_CR16","first-page":"152","volume-title":"Fundamentals of body CT","author":"WR Webb","year":"2015","unstructured":"Webb WR, Brant WE, Major NM. Fundamentals of body CT. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. p. 152\u20133.","edition":"4"},{"key":"2771_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230390183706","volume":"31","author":"J-PHTM Ploemen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ploemen J-PHTM, Ravesloot WTM, Van Esch E. The incidence of thymic B lymphoid follicles in healthy beagle dogs. Toxicol Pathol. 2003;31:214\u20139.","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"2771_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511001802","volume":"106","author":"E Kienzle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kienzle E, Moik K. A pilot study of the body weight of pure-bred client-owned adult cats. Br J Nutr. 2011;106:S113\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2771_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.6.1730S","volume":"132","author":"ML Kanchuk","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kanchuk ML, Backus RC, Calvert CC, Morris JG, Rogers QR. Neutering induces changes in food intake, body weight, plasma insulin and Leptin concentrations in Normal and lipoprotein lipase\u2013deficient male cats. J Nutr. 2002;132:1730S\u20132S.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2771_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR20105045","volume":"5","author":"B McKenzie","year":"2010","unstructured":"McKenzie B. Evaluating the benefits and risks of neutering dogs and cats. CAB Rev Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources. 2010;5:1\u201318.","journal-title":"CAB Rev Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources"},{"key":"2771_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2014.37","volume":"3","author":"A Wei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wei A, Fascetti AJ, Kim K, Ramsey JJ. Post-castration variations in weight gain in a cohort of young adult male cats. J Nutr Sci. 2014;3:1\u20134.","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"2771_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2007.05.007","volume":"22","author":"HT Nyman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nyman HT, O\u2019Brien RT. The sonographic evaluation of lymph nodes. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 2007;22:128\u201337.","journal-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2771_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12279","volume":"56","author":"S Nemanic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nemanic S, Hollars K, Nelson NC, Bobe G. Combination of computed tomographic imaging characteristics of medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes and nasal passages aids discrimination between rhinitis and neoplasia in cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2015;56:617\u201327.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound."},{"key":"2771_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12044","volume":"54","author":"M Dennler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dennler M, Bass DA, Gutierrez-Crespo B, Schnyder M, Guscetti F, Di Cesare A, Deplazes P, Kircher PR, Glaus TM. Thoracic computed tomography, angiographic computed tomography, and pathology findings in six cats experimentally infected with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2013;54:459\u201369.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadamitzky C, Spohr H, Debertin AS, Guddat S, Tsokos M and Pabst R. Age-dependent histoarchitectural changes in human lymph nodes: an underestimated process with clinical relevance?. J Anat. 2010;216:556\u2013562.","key":"2771_CR25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01213.x"},{"key":"2771_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6098","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.10.6098","volume":"173","author":"AC Roden","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roden AC, Moser MT, Tri SD, Mercader M, Kuntz SM, Dong H, Hurwitz AA, McKean DJ, Celis E, Leibovich BC, Allison JP, Kwon ED. Augmentation of T cell levels and responses induced by androgen deprivation. J Immunol. 2004;173:6098\u2013108.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2771_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2217\/iim.09.5","volume":"1","author":"L Yu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yu L, Liu X, Leng S, Kofler JM, Ramirez-Giraldo JC, Mingliang Q, Christner J, Fletcher JG, McCollough CH. Radiation dose reduction in computed tomography: techniques and future perspective. Imaing Med. 2009;1(1):65\u201384.","journal-title":"Imaing Med"},{"key":"2771_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/851\/1\/012005","volume":"851","author":"M Alshipli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alshipli M, Kabir NA. Effect of slice thickness on image noise and diagnostic content of single-source-dual energy computed tomography. IOP Conf Series: Journal of Physics: Conf Series. 2017;851:012005.","journal-title":"IOP Conf Series: Journal of Physics: Conf Series"},{"issue":"9","key":"2771_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.06.024","volume":"85","author":"F Macri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Macri F, Greffier J, Pereira F, Rosa AC, Khasanova E, Claret PG, Larbia A, Gualdic G, Beregi JP. Value of ultra-low-dose chest CT with iterative reconstruction for selected emergency room patients with acute dyspnea. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85(9):1637\u201344.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"2771_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.8580","volume":"200","author":"JB Solomon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Solomon JB, Li X, Samei E. Relating noise to image quality indicators in CT examinations with tube current modulation. Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200:592\u2013600.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2771_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2910","volume":"33","author":"R Gnannt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gnannt R, Winklehner A, Goetti R, Schmidt B, Kollias S, Alkadhi H. Low kilovoltage CT of the neck with 70 kVp: comparison with a standard protocol. AJNR. 2012;33:1014\u20139.","journal-title":"AJNR."},{"key":"2771_CR32","first-page":"102","volume":"1","author":"EN Manson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manson EN, Fletcher JJ, Amausi JH. Variation of noise with some scanning parameters for image quality test in 128 slice computed tomography scanner using catphan 7000 phantom. Journal of radiology and diagnostic methods. 2018;1:102.","journal-title":"Journal of radiology and diagnostic methods"},{"key":"2771_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12152","volume":"18","author":"P Monnin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Monnin P, Sfameni N, Gianoli A, Ding S. Optimal slice thickness for objet detection with longitudinal partial volume effects in computed tomography. J Appl clin Med Phys. 2017;18:251\u20139.","journal-title":"J Appl clin Med Phys"},{"key":"2771_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra072149","volume":"357","author":"DJ Brenner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography-an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2277\u201384.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2771_CR35","first-page":"1","volume":"79","author":"T Gorycski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gorycski T, Lasek I, Kaminski K, Studniark M. Evaluation of radiation doses delivered in different chest CT protocols. Pol J Radio. 2014;79:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Pol J Radio"},{"key":"2771_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2012.10.001","volume":"42","author":"PL Khong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khong PL, Ringertz H, Donoghue V, Frush D, Rehani M, Appelgate K, Sanchez R. ICRP publication 121: radiological protection in paediatric diagnostic and interventional radiology. Ann ICRP. 2013;42:1\u201363.","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"2771_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01675.x","volume":"51","author":"EA Ballegeer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ballegeer EA, Adams WM, Dubielzig RR, Paoloni MC, Klauer JM, Keuler NS. Computed tomography characteristics of canine tracheobronchial lymph node metastasis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2010;51:397\u2013403.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound."}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02771-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02771-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02771-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T12:22:31Z","timestamp":1697718151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02771-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02771-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1746-6148"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Chulalongkorn University Animal Care and Use Committee (CU-ACUC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University (Protocol number: 1631073). The owners gave written consent for their pets to be part of this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests and do not have any potential conflict of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"59"}}