{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:48:43Z","timestamp":1790740123091,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Influenza viruses are a continuous threat to avian and mammalian species, causing epidemics and pandemics. After the circulation of H5N1 in 2006, 2015, and 2016 in Iraq, an H5N8 influenza virus emerged in domestic geese in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq. This study analyzed the genetic characteristics of the Iraqi H5N8 viruses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An HPAI virus subtype H5N8 was identified from domestic backyard geese in the Kurdistan Region, north Iraq. Phylogenic analyses of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes indicated that Iraq H5N8 viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4 group B and clustered with isolates from Iran, Israel, and Belgium. Genetic analysis of the HA gene indicated molecular markers for avian-type receptors. Characterization of the NA gene showed that the virus had sensitive molecular markers for antiviral drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first study ever on H5N8 in Iraq, and it is crucial to understand the epidemiology of the viruses in Iraq and the Middle East. The results suggest a possible role of migratory birds in the introduction of HPAI subtype H5N8 into Iraq.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02831-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T15:03:44Z","timestamp":1616166224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) virus isolated from domestic geese in Iraq, 2018"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nahla Muhammad","family":"Saeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peshnyar Muhammad Atta","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9227-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiewa Othman","family":"Dyary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2831_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2306.162056","volume":"23","author":"AA Selim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Selim AA, Erfan AM, Hagag N, Zanaty A, Samir A-H, Samy M, Abdelhalim A, Arafa A-SA, Soliman MA, Shaheen M. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8) clade 2.3. 4.4 infection in migratory birds, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(6):1048.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2831_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200S08.1","volume":"12","author":"G Neumann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Neumann G, Shinya K, Kawaoka Y. Molecular pathogenesis of H5N1 influenza virus infections. Antivir Ther. 2007;12(4):617.","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2831_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.4.17-00449","volume":"23","author":"MJ Poen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poen MJ, Bestebroer TM, Vuong O, Scheuer RD, van der Jeugd HP, Kleyheeg E, Eggink D, Lexmond P, van den Brand JM, Begeman L. Local amplification of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 viruses in wild birds in the Netherlands, 2016 to 2017. Eurosurveillance. 2018;23(4):17\u201300449.","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"1763","key":"2831_CR4","first-page":"20130990","volume":"280","author":"T Kuiken","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuiken T. Is low pathogenic avian influenza virus virulent for wild waterbirds? Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2013;280(1763):20130990.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2831_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.140339","volume":"20","author":"H Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu H, Peng X, Xu L, Jin C, Cheng L, Lu X, Xie T, Yao H, Wu N. Novel reassortant influenza A (H5N8) viruses in domestic ducks, eastern China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(8):1315.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2831_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00841-6","volume":"51","author":"V Caliendo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caliendo V, Leijten L, Begeman L, Poen MJ, Fouchier RA, Beerens N, Kuiken T. Enterotropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 from the 2016\/2017 epidemic in some wild bird species. Vet Res. 2020;51(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"1775","key":"2831_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180257","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0257","volume":"374","author":"SJ Lycett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lycett SJ, Duchatel F, Digard P. A brief history of bird flu. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2019;374(1775):20180257.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2831_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.5.2814-2822.2005","volume":"79","author":"RA Fouchier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fouchier RA, Munster V, Wallensten A, Bestebroer TM, Herfst S, Smith D, Rimmelzwaan GF, Olsen B, Osterhaus AD. Characterization of a novel influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtype (H16) obtained from black-headed gulls. J Virol. 2005;79(5):2814\u201322.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2831_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nao N, Yamagishi J, Miyamoto H, Igarashi M, Manzoor R, Ohnuma A, Tsuda Y, Furuyama W, Shigeno A, Kajihara M. Genetic predisposition to acquire a polybasic cleavage site for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus hemagglutinin. MBio. 2017;8(1):8:e02298\u201316.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02298-16"},{"issue":"1","key":"2831_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12462","volume":"1323","author":"RG Webster","year":"2014","unstructured":"Webster RG, Govorkova EA. Continuing challenges in influenza. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1323(1):115.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2831_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12324","volume":"9","author":"GJ Smith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smith GJ, Donis RO, Health\/Food WHOWOfA, Group AOHEW. Nomenclature updates resulting from the evolution of avian influenza A (H5) virus clades 2.1. 3.2 a, 2.2. 1, and 2.3. 4 during 2013\u20132014. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2015;9(5):271\u20136.","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2831_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.04.021","volume":"165","author":"DH Tung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tung DH, Van Quyen D, Nguyen T, Xuan HT, Nam TN, Duy KD. Molecular characterization of a H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3. 2.1 b circulating in Vietnam in 2011. Vet Microbiol. 2013;165(3\u20134):341\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2831_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.12.025","volume":"163","author":"K Zhao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhao K, Gu M, Zhong L, Duan Z, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Zhao G, Zhao M, Chen Z, Hu S. Characterization of three H5N5 and one H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in China. Vet Microbiol. 2013;163(3\u20134):351\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2831_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.08.002","volume":"173","author":"J Jeong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jeong J, Kang H-M, Lee E-K, Song B-M, Kwon Y-K, Kim H-R, Choi K-S, Kim J-Y, Lee H-J, Moon O-K. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8) in domestic poultry and its relationship with migratory birds in South Korea during 2014. Vet Microbiol. 2014;173(3\u20134):249\u201357.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2831_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2006.140233","volume":"20","author":"Y-J Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee Y-J, Kang H-M, Lee E-K, Song B-M, Jeong J, Kwon Y-K, Kim H-R, Lee K-J, Hong M-S, Jang I. Novel reassortant influenza A (H5N8) viruses, South Korea, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(6):1087.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2831_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2105.141839","volume":"21","author":"R Bouwstra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bouwstra R, Heutink R, Bossers A, Harders F, Koch G, Elbers A. Full-genome sequence of influenza A (H5N8) virus in poultry linked to sequences of strains from Asia, the Netherlands, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(5):872.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2831_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2105.141954","volume":"21","author":"A Hanna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanna A, Banks J, Marston DA, Ellis RJ, Brookes SM, Brown IH. Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N8) virus from domestic ducks, England, November 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(5):879.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2831_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9484","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09484","volume":"5","author":"J Pasick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pasick J, Berhane Y, Joseph T, Bowes V, Hisanaga T, Handel K, Alexandersen S. Reassortant highly pathogenic influenza A H5N2 virus containing gene segments related to Eurasian H5N8 in British Columbia, Canada, 2014. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9484.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"2831_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1708.060264","volume":"12","author":"SL Yingst","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yingst SL, Saad MD, Felt SA. Qinghai-like H5N1 from domestic cats, northern Iraq. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(8):1295.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2831_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24762","volume":"89","author":"PM Rashid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rashid PM, Saeed NM, Dyary HO. Genetic characterization and phylogenic analysis of H5N1 avian influenza virus detected in peafowl in Kirkuk province, Iraq. J Med Virol. 2017;89(7):1179\u201385.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2831_CR21","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health. Update on avian influenza in animals (types H5 and H7).\u00a0 https:\/\/www.oie.int\/en\/animal-health-in-theworld\/update-on-avian-influenza\/2020\/."},{"key":"2831_CR22","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health. Update on avian influenza in animals (types H5 and H7).\u00a0https:\/\/www.oie.int\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Animal_Health_in_the_World\/docs\/pdf\/OIE_AI_situation_report\/Report_Current_situation_HPAI_NOV2019.pdf."},{"key":"2831_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghafouri SA, Fallah MH, Talakesh SF, Hosseini H, Ziafati Z, Malekan M, Aghaeean L, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A. Full genome characterization of Iranian H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix), 2017: The first report. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;64:73\u201380.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.03.005"},{"issue":"51","key":"2831_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19368","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609227103","volume":"103","author":"AM Kilpatrick","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kilpatrick AM, Chmura AA, Gibbons DW, Fleischer RC, Marra PP, Daszak P. Predicting the global spread of H5N1 avian influenza. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006;103(51):19368\u201373.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5536","key":"2831_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062882","volume":"293","author":"M Hatta","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hatta M, Gao P, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y. Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses. Science. 2001;293(5536):1840\u20132.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2831_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.051336","volume":"12","author":"G Neumann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Host range restriction and pathogenicity in the context of influenza pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(6):881.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2831_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2428-9","volume":"160","author":"K Kanehira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kanehira K, Uchida Y, Takemae N, Hikono H, Tsunekuni R, Saito T. Characterization of an H5N8 influenza A virus isolated from chickens during an outbreak of severe avian influenza in Japan in April 2014. Arch Virol. 2015;160(7):1629\u201343.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2831_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.399","volume":"28","author":"Y Suzuki","year":"2005","unstructured":"Suzuki Y. Sialobiology of influenza: molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005;28(3):399\u2013408.","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"5839","key":"2831_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135165","volume":"317","author":"Z-Y Yang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang Z-Y, Wei C-J, Kong W-P, Wu L, Xu L, Smith DF, Nabel GJ. Immunization by avian H5 influenza hemagglutinin mutants with altered receptor binding specificity. Science. 2007;317(5839):825\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6088","key":"2831_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213362","volume":"336","author":"S Herfst","year":"2012","unstructured":"Herfst S, Schrauwen EJ, Linster M, Chutinimitkul S, de Wit E, Munster VJ, Sorrell EM, Bestebroer TM, Burke DF, Smith DJ. Airborne transmission of influenza A\/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science. 2012;336(6088):1534\u201341.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2831_CR31","unstructured":"Assessment of risk associated with influenza A(H5N8) virus . 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"2831_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq010","volume":"203","author":"A Pizzorno","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pizzorno A, Bouhy X, Abed Y, Boivin G. Generation and characterization of recombinant pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viruses resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors. J Infect Dis. 2011;203(1):25\u201331.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2831_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16028","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016028","volume":"6","author":"G Orozovic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Orozovic G, Orozovic K, Lennerstrand J, Olsen B. Detection of resistance mutations to antivirals oseltamivir and zanamivir in avian influenza A viruses isolated from wild birds. PLoS One. 2011;6(1):e16028.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2831_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-168","volume":"11","author":"A Fujitsuka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fujitsuka A, Tsukagoshi H, Arakawa M, Goto-Sugai K, Ryo A, Okayama Y, Mizuta K, Nishina A, Yoshizumi M, Kaburagi Y. A molecular epidemiological study of respiratory viruses detected in Japanese children with acute wheezing illness. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11(1):168.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2831_CR35","first-page":"585","volume":"58","author":"M-L Memorandums","year":"1980","unstructured":"Memorandums M-L. A revision of the system of nomenclature for influenza viruses: a WHO memorandum. Bull World Health Organ. 1980;58(4):585\u201391.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2831_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00331.x","volume":"6","author":"RB Squires","year":"2012","unstructured":"Squires RB, Noronha J, Hunt V, Garc\u00eda-Sastre A, Macken C, Baumgarth N, Suarez D, Pickett BE, Zhang Y, Larsen CN. Influenza research database: an integrated bioinformatics resource for influenza research and surveillance. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2012;6(6):404\u201316.","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"issue":"22","key":"2831_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","volume":"22","author":"JD Thompson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22(22):4673\u201380.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02831-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02831-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02831-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T19:47:07Z","timestamp":1671652027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02831-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02831-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.12340\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.12340\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani. Verbal consent was taken from the owner of the animals to conduct the study. Because this was an observational study, the need for informed consent from the owner was not necessary.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"124"}}