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Teleost IgZ\/IgT subclasses with different tissue expression patterns may have different immune functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the present study, a novel secreted IgZ heavy chain gene was cloned and characterized in common carp (\n                      <jats:italic>Cyprinus carpio<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). This gene exhibited a different tissue-specific expression profile than the reported genes IgZ1 and IgZ2. The obtained IgZ-like subclass gene designated\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3, had a complete open reading frame contained 1650\u00a0bp encoding a protein of 549 amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 was grouped with carp IgZ2 and was in the same branch as IgZ\/IgT genes of other teleosts. Basal expression detection of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) in healthy adult common carp showed that\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 transcripts were widely expressed in systemic immune tissues and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues.\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 was expressed at the highest levels in the head kidneys, gills, and gonads, followed by the spleen, hindgut, oral epithelium, liver, brain, muscle, foregut, and blood; it was expressed at a very low level in the skin. The transcript expression of\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 in leukocytes isolated from peripheral blood cells was significantly higher than that in leukocytes isolated from the spleen. Different groups of common carp were infected with\n                      <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n                      via intraperitoneal injection or immersion. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that significant differences in\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 mRNA levels existed between the immersion and injection groups in all the examined tissues, including the head kidney, spleen, liver, and hindgut; in particular, the\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 mRNA level in the hindgut was higher in the immersion group than in the injection group. The different routes of\n                      <jats:italic>A. hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposure in common carp had milder effects on the IgM response than on the\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 response. Further study of the relative expression of the IgH gene during the development of common carp showed that the tissue-specific expression profile of\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 was very different from those of other genes. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 mRNA level increased gradually in common carp during the early larval development stage from 1\u00a0day post fertilization (dpf) to 31 dpf with a dynamic tendency similar to those of IgZ1 and IgZ2, and IgM was the dominant Ig with obviously elevated abundance. Analyses of the tissue-specific expression of IgHs in common carp at 65 dpf showed that\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 was expressed at mucosal sites, including both the hindgut and gill; in contrast, IgZ1 was preferentially expressed in the hindgut, and IgZ2 was preferentially expressed in the gill. In addition to RT-qPCR analysis,\n                      <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      hybridization was performed to detect\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3-expressing cells and IgM-expressing cells. The results showed that\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 and IgM transcripts were detectable in the spleens, gills, and hindguts of common carp at 65 dpf.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results reveal that\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 gene transcripts are expressed in common carp during developmental stage not only in systemic tissues but also in mucosal tissues.\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 expression can be induced in immune tissues by\n                      <jats:italic>A. hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n                      challenge via immersion and intraperitoneal injection with significantly different expression profiles, which indicates that\n                      <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgZ3 is involved in the antimicrobial immune response and might play an important role in gut mucosal immunity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02844-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T03:03:45Z","timestamp":1618369425000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Molecular characterization of a new IgZ3 subclass in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and comparative expression analysis of IgH transcripts during larvae development"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fumiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cui","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangcai","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yimeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liguo","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guiwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2844_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2174\/187152612800564419","volume":"12","author":"JO Sunyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sunyer JO. 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The protocol was approved by the Animal Experimental Ethics Committee of Shandong Normal University (Permit Number: AEECSDNU2017004). All efforts were made to minimize suffering. The study was carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"159"}}