{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T19:55:05Z","timestamp":1793130905043,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of the study was to report the incidence and risk factors associated with positive urine bacterial cultures as well as long-term outcome in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) devices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medical records of cats that underwent SUB device placement were retrospectively reviewed. Signalment of the cat, laterality of the ureteral obstruction, surgery, anesthesia and hospitalization duration, bacterial culture results and follow-up data were retrieved.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Thirty-two cats met the inclusion criteria. Four cats (12.5%) had a positive intraoperative culture, with two of them being treated successfully. Ten cats out of 28 (35.7%) were documented with a positive urine culture during follow-up period, with a median time between discharge and identification of the first positive urine culture of 159\u2009days (range 8\u2013703\u2009days). Bacteriuria resolved in 60% of cats (6\/10).<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>was the most common organism, isolated in 4 out of 10 postoperative urine cultures. Overall, subclinical bacteriura was documented for 6 of 32 (18.8%) cats and 5 of 32 (15.6%) cats displayed clinicals signs suggestive of persistent UTI. One cat had subclinical bacteriuria. Three cats died during the follow-up period.<\/jats:p><jats:p>There was a significant difference between negative and positive urine bacterial culture groups in median hospitalization duration (5\u2009days versus 6\u2009days,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.022) and in median body condition score (5\/9 versus 4\/9,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03). Cats with a longer hospital stay and with a lower body condition score were more likely to have a positive urine culture during follow-up period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>SUB device placement surgery is associated with complications such as chronic bacteriuria. Bacteriuria in our study resolved with appropriate antibiotic treatment in more than half of cats. Risk factors identified for positive urine culture were a longer hospitalization duration and a decreased body condition score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02898-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T10:08:37Z","timestamp":1622110117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk factors and clinical relevance of positive urine cultures in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3947-5110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Deprey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Baldinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Livet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaux","family":"Blondel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Taroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Goy-Thollot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Moissonnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9ric","family":"Viguier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Pouzot-Nevoret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Carozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thibaut","family":"Cachon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2898_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.10.1309","volume":"253","author":"AC Berent","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berent AC, Weisse CW, Bagley DH, Lamb K. Use of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass device for treatment of benign ureteral obstruction in cats: 174 ureters in 134 cats (2009-1015). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2018;253(10):1309\u201327.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2898_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16670572","volume":"19","author":"V Livet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Livet V, Pillard P, Thollot-Goy I, Maleca D, Cabon Q, Remy D, et al. Placement of subcutaneous ureteral bypasses without fluoroscopic guidance in cats with ureteral obstruction: 19 cases (2014\u20132016). J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19:1030\u20139.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2898_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.937","volume":"226","author":"AE Kyles","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kyles AE, Hardie EM, Wooden BG, Adin C, Stone EA, Gregory CR. Management and outcome of cats with ureteral calculi: 153 cases (1984-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226(6):937\u201344.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2898_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2004.03.008","volume":"34","author":"EM Hardie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hardie EM, Kyles AE. Management of ureteral obstruction. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2004;34:989\u20131010.","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2898_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12861","volume":"59","author":"DL Clarke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clarke DL. Feline ureteral obstructions part 2: surgical management. J Small Anim Pract. 2018;59:385\u201397.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2898_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15343","volume":"33","author":"L Kopecny","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kopecny L, Palm CA, Drobatz KJ, Balsa IM, Culp WTN. Risk factors for positive urine cultures in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass and ureteral stents (2010-2016). J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33:178\u201383.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2898_CR7","first-page":"1489","volume":"30","author":"E Wolff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wolff E, Dorsch R, Knebel J, Duffy J, Freeman LJ, Guptill L, et al. Initial outcomes and complications of the subcutaneous ureteral bypass procedure at two university hospitals (2012\u20132015). J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30:1489.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2898_CR8","volume-title":"The SUB 2.0: A Surgical Guide","author":"AC Berent","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berent AC and Weisse CW. The SUB 2.0: A Surgical Guide. https:\/\/norfolkvetproducts.com\/PDF\/SUB\/SUB2_Surgical_Guide_2018-03-email.pdf (2018)."},{"issue":"12","key":"2898_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13489055","volume":"15","author":"C Horowitz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Horowitz C, Berent AC, Weisse CW, Langston C, Bagley D. Predictors of outcome for cats with ureteral obstructions after interventional management using ureteral stents or a subcutaneous ureteral bypass device. J Feline Med Surg. 2013;15(12):1052\u201362.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2898_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.02.008","volume":"247","author":"JS Weese","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weese JS, Blondeau JM, Boothe D, Breitschwerdt EB, Guardabassi L, Hillier A, et al. Antimicrobial use guidelines for treatment of urinary tract disease in dogs and cats: antimicrobial guidelines working group of the international society for companion animal infectious disease. Vet J. 2019;247:8\u201325.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2898_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19880435","volume":"21","author":"R Dorsch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dorsch R, Teichmann-Knorrn S, Lund HS. Urinary tract infection and subclinical bacteriuria in cats: a clinical update. J Feline Med Surg. 2019;21:1023\u201338.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2898_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104440","volume":"183","author":"S Teichmann-Knorrn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teichmann-Knorrn S, Reese S, Wolf G. Prevalence of feline urinary tract pathogens and antimicrobial resistance over five years. Vet Rec. 2018;183:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2898_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.15654\/TPK-180521","volume":"46","author":"S Teichmann-Knorrn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teichmann-Knorrn S, Dorsch R. Significant bacteriuria in cats: urinary tract infection and subclinical bacteriuria - a current review. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere. 2018;46:247\u201359.","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere"},{"key":"2898_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12451372","volume":"14","author":"I Martinez-Ruzafa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martinez-Ruzafa I, Kruger JM, Miller R, Swenson CL, Bollin CA, Kaneene JB. Clinical features and risk factors for development of urinary tract infections in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2012;14:729\u201340.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2898_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47331-0","volume":"56","author":"JA Mohamed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mohamed JA, Huang DB. Biofilm formation by enterococci. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56:1581\u20138.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2898_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.05.031","volume":"33","author":"CR Arciola","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arciola CR, Campoccia D, Spezale P, Montanaro L, Costerton JW. Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus implant infections. A review of molecular mechanisms and implications for biofilm-resistant materials. Biomaterials. 2012;33:5967\u201382.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2898_CR17","first-page":"e00525","volume":"3","author":"F Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu F, Hansra S, Crockford G, K\u00f6ster W, Allan BJ, Blondeau JM, et al. Tetrasodium EDTA is effective at eradicating biofilms formed by clinically relevant microorganisms from patients\u2019 central venous catheters. Msphere. 2018;3:e00525\u201318.","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"2898_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15582","volume":"33","author":"C Chik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chik C, Berent A, Weisse C, Ryder M. Therapeutic use of tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution for treatment of subcutaneous ureteral bypass device mineralization in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33:2124\u201332.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2898_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12190","volume":"27","author":"A Ruple-Czerniak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ruple-Czerniak A, Aceta HW, Bender JB, Paradis MR, Shaw SP, Van Metre DC, et al. Using syndromic surveillance to estimate baseline rates for healthcare-associated infections in critical care units of small animal referral hospitals. J Vet Intern Med. 2013;27:1392\u20139.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2898_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.11.005","volume":"49","author":"JK Byron","year":"2019","unstructured":"Byron JK. Urinary tract infection. Vet Clin Small Anim. 2019;49:211\u201321.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Small Anim"},{"key":"2898_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-011-0689-9","volume":"30","author":"P Tenke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tenke P, K\u00f6ves B, Nagy K, Hultgren SJ, Mendling W, Wullt B. Update on biofilm infections in the urinary tract. World J Urol. 2012;30:51\u20137.","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"2898_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1089\/end.1995.9.469","volume":"9","author":"HM Farsi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Farsi HM, Mosli HA, Al-Zemaity MF, Bahnassy AA, Alvarez M. Bacteriuria and colonization of double-pigtail ureteral stents: long-term experience with 237 patients. J Endourol. 1995;9:469\u201372.","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"key":"2898_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2006.09.004","volume":"9","author":"B Mayer-Roenne","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mayer-Roenne B, Goldstein RE, Erb HN. Urinary tract infections in cats with hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg. 2007;9:134\u20132.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg."}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02898-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02898-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02898-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T19:33:40Z","timestamp":1672256020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02898-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2898"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02898-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This work involved the use of non-experimental animal(s) only (owned or unowned), and followed established internationally recognized high standards (\u2018best practice\u2019) of individual veterinary clinical patient care. Ethical approval from a committee was not necessarily required.Written informed consent was obtained from the owner or legal custodian of all animal(s) described in this work for the procedure(s) undertaken.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"For any animals or humans individually identifiable within this publication, informed consent for their use in the publication (verbal or written) was obtained from the people involved.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"199"}}