{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T08:55:42Z","timestamp":1783587342102,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diseases of the central nervous system are a well-recognized cause of morbidity and mortality in equine. Collection and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) give information about the type and stage of degenerative and inflammatory diseases in central nervous system (CNS). The present research aimed to assess the clinical complications of CSF collections and to establish range values of cytological and biochemical parameters of CSF in adult healthy donkeys (<jats:italic>Equus asinus<\/jats:italic>). The CSF samples were collected from fifty healthy donkeys at the lumbosacral (LS) and atlanto-occipital (AO) sites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypothermia, tachycardia, ataxia and recumbency may develop post-puncture. Erythrocytes were noticed in 35 of 50 CSF samples. Total nucleated cell counts ranged from 0 to 6 cells\/\u03bcL, and lymphocytes predominated the cells (61%). The concentration of glucose (1.2 to 5.3\u2009mmol\/L) was lower than that of serum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The CSF sodium concentration (123 to 160\u2009mmol\/L) was approximately like that of serum, but potassium (1.5\u20133\u2009mmol\/L) was lower than that of serum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Urea concentrations (1.1\u20132.9\u2009mmol\/L) were markedly lower than serum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Concentrations of CSF total proteins, and albumin ranged from 0.1 to 0.6\u2009g\/dL, and from 0.002 to 0.013\u2009g\/dL, respectively. The albumin quotient ranged from 0.06 to 0.56.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transient hypothermia, tachycardia, ataxia and recumbency may develop as clinical complications of CSF puncture procedures. The collection site has no impact on the constituents in CSF. Furthermore, this study presented the range values for normal cytological and biochemical constituents of CSF in donkeys (<jats:italic>Equus asinus<\/jats:italic>) that can provide a basis in comparison when evaluating CSF from donkeys with neurologic diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03007-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T08:02:48Z","timestamp":1631174568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Collection of cerebrospinal fluid in 50 adult healthy donkeys (Equus asinus): clinical complications, and cytological and biochemical constituents"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mohammed A. H.","family":"Abdelhakiem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0449-8283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein Awad","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"3007_CR1","first-page":"1155","volume-title":"Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats","author":"P Constable","year":"2017","unstructured":"Constable P, Hinchcliff K, Done S, Gruenberg W. Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats. 11th ed. Missouri: Elsevier; 2017. p. 1155\u2013370.","edition":"11"},{"key":"3007_CR2","first-page":"288","volume-title":"Diagnostic techniques in equine medicine","author":"F Taylor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taylor F, Brazil T, Hillyer M. Chapter 14: neurological diseases. In: 2nd, editor. Diagnostic techniques in equine medicine. St Louis, MO: Saunders; 2010. p. 288\u2013304."},{"issue":"1","key":"3007_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(92)90062-6","volume":"148","author":"PR Scott","year":"1992","unstructured":"Scott PR. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from field cases of some common ovine neurological diseases. Br Vet J. 1992;148(1):15\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0007-1935(92)90062-6.","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"3007_CR4","volume-title":"Rebhun's diseases of dairy cattle","author":"T Divers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Divers T, Peek S. Rebhun's diseases of dairy cattle. 1st ed. Saunders Elsevier: Missouri, USA; 2008.","edition":"1"},{"issue":"3912","key":"3007_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1126\/science.166.3912.1514","volume":"166","author":"T Milhort","year":"1969","unstructured":"Milhort T. The chroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid production. Science. 1969;166(3912):1514\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.166.3912.1514.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3007_CR6","volume-title":"Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology","author":"A de Lahunta","year":"1983","unstructured":"de Lahunta A. Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1983.","edition":"1"},{"key":"3007_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-370491-7.00026-X","volume-title":"Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals","author":"W Vernau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vernau W, Vernau K, Bailey C. Chapter 26: Cerebrospinal fluid. In: Kaneko JJ, editor. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 6th ed. St Louis, MO: Academic Press; 2008. p. 769\u2013819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-370491-7.00026-X.","edition":"6"},{"key":"3007_CR8","first-page":"542","volume-title":"Equine Internal Medicine","author":"F Andrews","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andrews F. Cerebrospinal fluid evaluation. In: Reed S, editor. Equine Internal Medicine. 1st ed. St Louis, MO: Saunders; 2004. p. 542\u20136.","edition":"1"},{"key":"3007_CR9","volume-title":"Physiology of the CSF and blood-brain barriers","author":"H Davson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Davson H, Segal M. Physiology of the CSF and blood-brain barriers. 1st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1996.","edition":"1"},{"issue":"5","key":"3007_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2006.tb00456.x","volume":"18","author":"B Schwarz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schwarz B, Piercy R. Cerebrospinal fluid collection and its analysis in equine neurological disease. Equine Veterinary Education. 2006;18(5):243\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2006.tb00456.x.","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"3007_CR11","first-page":"500","volume":"65","author":"IG Mayhew","year":"1975","unstructured":"Mayhew IG. Collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the horse. The Cornell Veterinarian. 1975;65(4):500\u201311.","journal-title":"The Cornell Veterinarian"},{"key":"3007_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.196.11.1841","volume":"196","author":"CE Thomson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Thomson CE, Kornegay JN, Stevens JB. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from the cerebellomedullary and lumbar cisterns of dogs with focal neurologic disease: 145 cases (1985\u20131987). Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. 1990;196:1841\u20134.","journal-title":"Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"11","key":"3007_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2011.00314.x","volume":"24","author":"F Burden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burden F. Practical feeding and condition scoring for donkeys and mules. Equine Veterinary Education. 2012;24(11):589\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2011.00314.x.","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Education"},{"key":"3007_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118939956.ch3","volume-title":"Manual of clinical procedures in the horse","author":"L Costa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Costa L. Chapter 3: history and physical examination of the horse. In: Costa L, Paradis M, editors. Manual of clinical procedures in the horse. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Wiley & Sons; 2017. p. 230\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118939956.ch3.","edition":"1"},{"key":"3007_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2000.tb01755.x","volume":"12","author":"PJ Johnson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Johnson PJ, Constantinescu GM. Collection of cerebrospinal fluid in horses. Equine Veterinary Education. 2000;12:7\u201312.","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Education"},{"key":"3007_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seino KK, Long MT. Central Nervous System Infections. In: Sello DC, Long MT (editors). Equine Infectious diseases. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders; 2014. p. 47\u201369, DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-1-4557-0891-8.00004-X.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-0891-8.00004-X"},{"key":"3007_CR17","volume-title":"Duncan & Prasse\u2019s Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology","author":"KS Latimer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Latimer KS, Mahaffey EA, Prasse KW, Duncan JR. Duncan & Prasse\u2019s Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology. 1st ed. Iowa: USA: Iowa State University Press; 2003.","edition":"1"},{"key":"3007_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012396305-5\/50028-2","volume-title":"Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals","author":"CS Bailey","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bailey CS, Vernau W. Cerebrospinal fluid. In: Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, editors. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 5th ed. London: Academic Press; 1997. p. 835\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-012396305-5\/50028-2.","edition":"5"},{"key":"3007_CR19","first-page":"197","volume":"1","author":"F Andrews","year":"1990","unstructured":"Andrews F, Maddux J, Faulk D. Total protein, albumin quotient, IgG and IgG index determinations for horse cerebrospinal fluid. Prog Vet Neurol. 1990;1:197\u2013204.","journal-title":"Prog Vet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3007_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30673-9","volume":"3","author":"TE Hayes","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hayes TE. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid in the horse. Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract. 1987;3(2):283\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30673-9.","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"3007_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118993712","volume-title":"Equine Neurology","author":"M Furr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Furr M. Chapter 21: bacterial infections of the central nervous system. In: Furr M, Reed S, editors. Equine Neurology. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley & Sons; 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118993712.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3007_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.07.027","volume":"273","author":"R Spector","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spector R, Snodgrass S, Johanson C. A balanced view of the cerebrospinal fluid composition and functions: focus on adult humans. Exp Neurol. 2015;273:57\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.07.027.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3007_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04073.x","volume":"21","author":"D Vianna","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vianna D, Carrive P. Changes in cutaneous and body temperature during and after conditioned fear to context in the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 2005;21(9):2505\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04073.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"3007_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1217","volume":"22","author":"I Timmers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Timmers I, Kaas A, Quaedfieg C, Biggs E, Smeets T, et al. Fear of pain and cortisol reactivity predict the strength of stress-induced hypoalgesia. Eur J Pain. 2018;22(7):1291\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1217.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"3007_CR25","unstructured":"Lemma A, Moges M. Clinical, hematological and serum biochemical reference values of working donkeys (Equus asinus) owned by transport operators in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 2009; 21 (8): Article #127. Website http:\/\/www.lrrd.org\/lrrd21\/8\/lemma21127.htm []."},{"issue":"1","key":"3007_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-009-0942-4","volume":"20","author":"A Mozaffari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mozaffari A, Shahriarzadeh M, Ja'fari H. Analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid in clinically normal adult Iranian cashemere (Rayeni) goats. Comp Clin Pathol. 2011;20(1):85\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00580-009-0942-4.","journal-title":"Comp Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3007_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2012.757724","volume":"61","author":"A Mozaffari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mozaffari A, Samadieh H. Analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid in clinically normal adult miniature donkeys. N Z Vet J. 2013;61(5):297\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00480169.2012.757724.","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"issue":"8","key":"3007_CR28","first-page":"1271","volume":"38","author":"I Mayhew","year":"1977","unstructured":"Mayhew I, Whitlock R, Tasker J. Equine cerebrospinal fluid: reference values of normal horses. Am J Vet Res. 1977;38(8):1271\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"3007_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588302000507","volume":"20","author":"J Beech","year":"1983","unstructured":"Beech J. Cytology of equine cerebrospinal fluid. Vet Pathol. 1983;20(5):553\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030098588302000507.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3007_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(92)50077-8","volume":"22","author":"CL Christman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Christman CL. Cerebropsinal fluid analysis. Veterinary Clinics North America: Small Animal Practice. 1992;22(4):781\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0195-5616(92)50077-8.","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics North America: Small Animal Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"3007_CR31","first-page":"122","volume":"3","author":"E Jamison","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jamison E, Lumsden J. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the dog: methodology and interpretation. Semin Vet Med Surg. 1988;3(2):122\u201332.","journal-title":"Semin Vet Med Surg"},{"key":"3007_CR32","first-page":"470","volume":"4","author":"OA Al-Sagir","year":"2005","unstructured":"Al-Sagir OA, Fathalla SI, Abdel-Rahman HA. Reference values and age-related changes in cerebrospinal fluid and blood components in the clinically normal male dromedary camel. J Anim Vet Adv. 2005;4:470\u20132.","journal-title":"J Anim Vet Adv"},{"key":"3007_CR33","volume-title":"Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals","author":"JJ Kaneko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 6th ed. St Louis: Academic Press; 2008.","edition":"6"},{"key":"3007_CR34","first-page":"972","volume-title":"Large Animal Internal Medicine","author":"MO Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smith MO, George LW. Diseases of the nervous system. In: Smith BP, editor. Large Animal Internal Medicine. 1st ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 2005. p. 972\u20131111.","edition":"1"},{"issue":"6","key":"3007_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1994.55.06.741","volume":"55","author":"F Andrews","year":"1994","unstructured":"Andrews F, Geiser D, Sommardahl C, Green EM, Provenza M. Albumin quotient, IgG concentration and IgG index determinations in cerebrospinal fluid of neonatal foals. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55(6):741\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"3007_CR36","volume-title":"Large animal neurology","author":"J Mayhew","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mayhew J. Large animal neurology. 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell: Philadelphia; 2008.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"6","key":"3007_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(95)80144-8","volume":"151","author":"PR Scott","year":"1995","unstructured":"Scott PR. The collection and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid as an aid to diagnosis in ruminant neurological disease. Br Vet J. 1995;151(6):603\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0007-1935(95)80144-8.","journal-title":"Br Vet J"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03007-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03007-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03007-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]],"date-time":"2024-09-08T02:40:33Z","timestamp":1725763233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03007-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03007-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors confirm that the study was carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines. All animals were housed and cared according to the Egyptian animal welfare act (No. 53, 1966). The present research was ethically approved by the Animal Care and Welfare Committee of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. The present study did not involve laboratory animals and only involved blood and CSF samples. The sampling procedures reported herein were conducted according to Directive and the regulations of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Assiut university that follow the OIE standards for use of animals in research purposes. Informed consent for the use of animals was obtained from the animal owners. Moreover, the recommendations and instructions of European Council Directive (2010\/63\/EU), regarding the standards in the protection of animals used for experimental purposes, were also followed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"302"}}