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Treatment options are limited compared to veterinary dentistry techniques in other species. The primary goal of this study was to increase understanding of the external and internal anatomy of mandibular cheek teeth to enable the development of tooth sparing techniques in this species. Also, an objective evaluation of the sub-occlusal dentinal thickness in normal mandibular cheek teeth is warranted to understand the risks associated with reduction of overgrown teeth.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall pulp anatomy was variably characterized by the presence of a common pulp chamber in younger teeth, and segmentation of pulp cavities into multiple separate pulp entities within the same tooth with increasing age. A common pulp chamber was identified in 55.3% (26\/47) of teeth with a mean dental age of 1\u2009year and 11\u2009months (\u00b1 1\u2009year and 8\u2009months). Columnar segmentation was recorded in the remaining teeth with a mean dental age of 6\u2009years and 5\u2009months (\u00b1 3\u2009years and 11\u2009months). Age of segmentation of the common pulp chamber into multiple separate pulp entities shows wide variation and is dependent of the specific Triadan position. The present study illustrates the presence of disto-mesial root contacts between adjacent tooth roots, often leading to morphological adaptations, most frequently observed between Triadan 09\u201310s (80%) and 10\u201311s (67%). The measured sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was as low as 1.11\u2009mm over some pulp horns. The sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was lower than 2, 3, and 4\u2009mm in 13.1, 38.1 and 61.4% of performed measurements, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study provides detailed information on age-dependent mandibular cheek teeth anatomy in alpacas, which may support the use and development of advanced dental treatments in this species such as endodontics and tooth sectioning techniques. Apical morphological adaptations caused by disto-mesial root contact between adjacent mandibular cheek teeth are clearly illustrated. The limited amount of sub-occlusal secondary dentin warrants a cautious approach with regards to dental floating in alpacas.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03038-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T09:02:54Z","timestamp":1634893374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Clinical insights into the three-dimensional anatomy of cheek teeth in alpacas based on micro-computed tomography. 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