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Additionally, mRNA expression of the spexin gene as well as spexin receptors \u2013 galanin receptor type 2 and galanin receptor type 3, was investigated in several bovine tissues. Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals starting at 21\u2009days before the estimated parturition day until 21\u2009days in milk to determine concentrations of spexin, nonesterified fatty acids, \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate acid, total and active ghrelin, progesterone, glucose, insulin, IGF\u2013I, triglycerides, cholesterol, leptin, corticosterone and 17-\u03b2-estradiol as well as the activity of aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Spexin concentration decreased from 21 d before parturition to calving day and next it rose during the first 14 d of lactation. The lowest concentration of spexin was recorded on the calving day and it differed from the mean level of this peptide before parturition as well as postpartum. Moreover, differences were observed between mean spexin concentrations before and after calving. Spexin levels were moderately negatively correlated with NEFA (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009\u2212\u20090.39) and total ghrelin contents (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009\u2212\u20090.41), weakly correlated with BHBA (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009\u2212\u20090.35) while they showed a moderate positive relationship with progesterone concentrations (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.42). Moreover, we detected that mRNA expression of GALR2, GALR3 and SPX is present in various bovine tissues (kidney, bowel, rumen, spinal cord, lung, skeletal muscle, liver, heart, fat and spleen).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A negative correlation between spexin concentration and NEFA, BHBA and total ghrelin contents as well as a positive relationship with levels of progesterone, metabolites and hormones, which are key players in the dairy cow transition period, may confirm an important function of this peptide in metabolism regulation. Thus measurement of spexin concentration could provide useful supplementary information for dairy cow herd health monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03069-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T23:35:05Z","timestamp":1637364905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Changes in metabolic and hormonal profiles during transition period in dairy cattle \u2013 the role of spexin"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Miku\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Pruszy\u0144ska-Oszma\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Pszczola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Rz\u0105si\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Sassek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof W.","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leszek","family":"Nogowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142 A.","family":"Ko\u0142odziejski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3069_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roche JR, Meier S, Heiser A, Mitchell MD, Walker CG, Crookenden MA, et al. 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During the study, the Authors used only blood samples, which were collected during standard veterinary activities. The owner of the herd knew about these activities, as well as was informed about the aim, and methods used in the study, and gave written permission for the use of the cows\u2019 blood samples in this study. Authors have received verbal consent from the slaughterhouse owner; all tissues were obtained from the animals\u2019 after the routine killed process. All reported methods are in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"359"}}