{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:59:53Z","timestamp":1792450793815,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In humans with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), specific thoracic computed tomographic (CT) features in the correct clinical context may be used in lieu of histologic examination. Cats develop an\u00a0IPF-like condition with similar features to humans. As few cats have invasive lung biopsies, CT has appeal as a surrogate diagnostic, showing features consistent with architectural remodeling supporting \u201cend-stage lung\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 1-year-old female spayed Domestic Shorthair cat presenting with progressive respiratory clinical signs and thoracic CT changes (reticular pattern, parenchymal bands, subpleural interstitial thickening, pleural fissure thickening, subpleural lines and regions of increased attenuation with traction bronchiectasis and architectural distortion) consistent with reports of IPF was given a grave prognosis for long-term survival. The cat was treated with prednisolone, fenbendazole, pradofloxacin and clindamycin. Five months later, while still receiving an anti-inflammatory dose of prednisolone, the cat was re-evaluated with owner-reported absent respiratory clinical signs. Thoracic CT demonstrated resolution of lung patterns consistent with fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fibrotic lung disease is irreversible. Despite this cat having compatible progressive respiratory signs and associated lung patterns on thoracic CT scan, these abnormalities resolved with non-specific therapy and time, negating the possibility of IPF. While the cause of the distinct CT lesions that ultimately resolved was not determined, infection was suspected. Experimental <jats:italic>Toxocara cati<\/jats:italic> infection shows overlapping CT features as this cat and is considered a treatable disease. Improvement of CT lesions months after experimental heartworm-associated respiratory disease in cats has been documented. Reversibility of lesions suggests inflammation rather than fibrosis was the cause of the thoracic CT lesions. This cat serves as a lesson that although thoracic CT has been advocated as a surrogate for histopathology in people with IPF, additional studies in cats are needed to integrate CT findings with signalment, other clinicopathologic features and therapeutic response before providing a diagnosis or prognosis of fibrotic lung disease.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03081-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T06:03:08Z","timestamp":1639029788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Reversibility of clinical and computed tomographic lesions mimicking pulmonary fibrosis in a young cat"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alba","family":"Stavri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Masseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6382-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol R.","family":"Reinero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3081_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2009-040GL","volume":"183","author":"G Raghu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, Martinez FJ, Behr J, Brown KK, et al. An official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(6):788\u2013824.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3081_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30433-2","volume":"6","author":"DA Lynch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lynch DA, Sverzellati N, Travis WD, Brown KK, Colby TV, Galvin JR, et al. Diagnostic criteria for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a Fleischner society white paper. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(2):138\u201353.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3081_CR3","first-page":"632","volume":"18","author":"LA Cohn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cohn LA, Norris CR, Hawkins EC, Dye JA, Johnson CA, Williams KJ. Identification and characterization of an idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-like condition in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18(5):632\u201341.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"3081_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.11.010","volume":"243","author":"C Reinero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reinero C. Interstitial lung diseases in dogs and cats part I: The idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Vet J (London, England : 1997). 2019;243:48\u201354.","journal-title":"Vet J (London, England : 1997)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3081_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15473","volume":"33","author":"CR Reinero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reinero CR, Masseau I, Grobman M, Vientos-Plotts A, Williams K. Perspectives in veterinary medicine: description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(3):1201\u201321.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3081_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12106","volume":"55","author":"MG Evola","year":"2014","unstructured":"Evola MG, Edmondson EF, Reichle JK, Biller DS, Mitchell CW, Valdes-Martinez A. Radiographic and histopathologic characteristics of pulmonary fibrosis in nine cats. Veterinary Radiol Ultrasound. 2014;55(2):133\u201340.","journal-title":"Veterinary Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"10","key":"3081_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14527963","volume":"16","author":"K Le Boedec","year":"2014","unstructured":"Le Boedec K, Roady PJ, O'Brien RT. A case of atypical diffuse feline fibrotic lung disease. J feline Med Surg. 2014;16(10):858\u201363.","journal-title":"J feline Med Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"3081_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00334.x","volume":"46","author":"VS Johnson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnson VS, Corcoran BM, Wotton PR, Schwarz T, Sullivan M. Thoracic high-resolution computed tomographic findings in dogs with canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Small Anim Pract. 2005;46(8):381\u20138.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"13","key":"3081_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c6519","volume":"168","author":"BM Corcoran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Corcoran BM, King LG, Schwarz T, Hammond G, Sullivan M. Further characterisation of the clinical features of chronic pulmonary disease in West Highland white terriers. Vet Rec. 2011;168(13):355.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"3","key":"3081_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0694.x","volume":"25","author":"HP Heikkila","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heikkila HP, Lappalainen AK, Day MJ, Clercx C, Rajamaki MM. Clinical, bronchoscopic, histopathologic, diagnostic imaging, and arterial oxygenation findings in West Highland white terriers with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(3):433\u20139.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3081_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E42","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12403","volume":"58","author":"E Fitzgerald","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fitzgerald E, Priestnall SL, Lamb CR. Imaging diagnosis-computed tomography of traction bronchiectasis secondary to pulmonary fibrosis in a PATTERDALE terrier. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2017;58(4):E42\u2013e44.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"5","key":"3081_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12779","volume":"60","author":"S Holopainen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holopainen S, Rautala E, Lilja-Maula L, Lohi H, Rajam\u00e4ki MM, Lappalainen AK. Thoracic high resolution CT using the modified VetMousetrap\u2122 device is a feasible method for diagnosing canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in awake West Highland white terriers. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2019;60(5):525\u201332.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"2","key":"3081_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(81)90028-5","volume":"9","author":"S Nichol","year":"1981","unstructured":"Nichol S, Ball SJ, Snow KR. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in feral cats in some urban areas of England. Vet Parasitol. 1981;9(2):107\u201310.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3081_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1394","volume":"225","author":"FB Nutter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nutter FB, Dubey JP, Levine JF, Breitschwerdt EB, Ford RB, Stoskopf MK. Seroprevalences of antibodies against Bartonella henselae and toxoplasma gondii and fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium spp, Giardia spp, and Toxocara cati in feral and pet domestic cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225(9):1394\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3081_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000026342","volume":"46","author":"JF Sprent","year":"1956","unstructured":"Sprent JF. The life history and development of Toxocara cati (Schrank 1788) in the domestic cat. Parasitology. 1956;46(1\u20132):54\u201378.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3081_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.045","volume":"193","author":"AR Dillon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dillon AR, Tillson DM, Hathcock J, Brawner B, Wooldridge A, Cattley R, et al. Lung histopathology, radiography, high-resolution computed tomography, and bronchio-alveolar lavage cytology are altered by Toxocara cati infection in cats and is independent of development of adult intestinal parasites. Vet Parasitol. 2013;193(4):413\u201326.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3081_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)34381-9","volume":"11","author":"TW Swerczek","year":"1970","unstructured":"Swerczek TW, Nielsen SW, Helmboldt CF. Ascariasis causing pulmonary arterial hyperplasia in cats. Res Vet Sci. 1970;11(1):103\u20134.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"3081_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2452-6","volume":"10","author":"AR Dillon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dillon AR, Blagburn BL, Tillson M, Brawner W, Welles B, Johnson C, et al. Heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD) induced by immature adult Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(Suppl 2):514.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"10","key":"3081_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17734999","volume":"20","author":"TM Lee-Fowler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee-Fowler TM, Cole RC, Dillon AR, Graham S, Tillson DM, Barney S. High-resolution CT evaluation of bronchial lumen to vertebral body, pulmonary artery to vertebral body and bronchial lumen to pulmonary artery ratios in Dirofilaria immitis-infected cats with and without selamectin administration. J Feline Med Surg. 2018;20(10):928\u201333.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3081_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12621","volume":"27","author":"NA Evans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Evans NA, Walker JM, Manchester AC, Bach JF. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock in a cat with disseminated toxoplasmosis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio, Tex : 2001). 2017;27(4):472\u20138.","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio, Tex : 2001)"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3081_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2006.tb13119.x","volume":"84","author":"VR Barrs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barrs VR, Martin P, Beatty JA. Antemortem diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis in two cats on cyclosporin therapy. Aust Vet J. 2006;84(1\u20132):30\u20135.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"3081_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-37-3-251","volume":"37","author":"L Brownlee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brownlee L, Sellon RK. Diagnosis of naturally occurring toxoplasmosis by bronchoalveolar lavage in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2001;37(3):251\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"3081_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0340","volume":"80","author":"M Murakami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murakami M, Mori T, Takashima Y, Nagamune K, Fukumoto J, Kitoh K, et al. A case of pulmonary toxoplasmosis resembling multiple lung metastases of nasal lymphoma in a cat receiving chemotherapy. J Vet Med Sci. 2018;80(12):1881\u20136.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03081-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03081-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03081-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T06:05:22Z","timestamp":1639029922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03081-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03081-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent provided via a written consent form at the Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri. IACUC protocol #9826.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"380"}}