{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T08:36:46Z","timestamp":1782549406893,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The domestic chinchilla has been descended from <jats:italic>Chinchilla lanigera<\/jats:italic> (long-tailed Chinchilla) or <jats:italic>Chinchilla chinchilla<\/jats:italic> (short-tailed Chinchilla). Both species of chinchilla are currently listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Over the past 20\u2009years, they have spread as pets and overall knowledge about their care is improving. The present case report describes a congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a <jats:italic>Chinchilla lanigera<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 1-year-old, 420\u2009g female chinchilla (<jats:italic>Chinchilla lanigera<\/jats:italic>) was presented for clinical examination due to 2\u2009days haematuria episodes and anorexia. A complete haematological analysis was performed, showing a moderate neutrophilia and severe renal involvement. X-rays showed severe intestinal meteorism affecting mostly the cecum, and a soft tissue density mass with translucent areas located in the caudal thorax, making it hard to distinguish the cardiac silhouette. A barium swallow (barium sulfate) was performed and after 20\u2009min, radiograms were performed again, showing part of the stomach dislocated in thorax. Ultrasound was also carried out, confirming the partial stomach herniation into the thoracic cavity and a severe nephropathy. The patient was euthanized according to the owner\u2019s wish and a complete necropsy was performed. The diagnosis was congenital diaphragmatic hernia concomitant to a severe bilateral bacterial glomerulonephritis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Diaphragmatic hernias can be either congenital or acquired. About CDHs in pet chinchillas, literature is still lacking. In this patient there was no history of previous traumas. No scar tissue or thickening involved margins of the pathological diaphragm window at the necropsy, supporting the hypothesis of a congenital defect. Glomerulonephritis most often results from immune-mediated mechanisms, generally after the deposition of soluble immune complexes within the glomeruli. This mechanism is favoured by a prolonged antigenemia that could occur during specific viral infections, chronic bacterial infections, chronic parasitism, autoimmune diseases and neoplasia. Few cases of nephritis are described in chinchillas (<jats:italic>Chinchilla lanigera<\/jats:italic>), mostly related to bacterial sepsis or less commonly involving fungi. The evidence of bacterial aggregates in kidneys at the histopathology, confirmed the infective aetiology. No relationship between the diaphragmatic hernia and glomerulonephritis was found in this report.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03085-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T07:02:44Z","timestamp":1638514964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Concomitant Congenital Diaphagmatic Hernia (CDH) and bilateral bacterial glomerulonephritis in a pet chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9411-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vetere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Bertocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Moggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Pelizzone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Di Ianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"3085_CR1","first-page":"1125","volume-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","author":"TW Fossum","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fossum TW. Pleural and extrapleural diseases. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 7th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2010. p. 1125\u20136.","edition":"7"},{"issue":"3","key":"3085_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-0279(75)50063-8","volume":"5","author":"A Carb","year":"1975","unstructured":"Carb A. Symposium on surgical techniques in small animal practice. Diaphragmatic hernia in the dog and cat. Vet Clin N Am. 1975;5(3):477.","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"3085_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(87)50033-X","volume":"17","author":"SH Levine","year":"1987","unstructured":"Levine SH. Diaphragmatic hernia. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1987;17(2):411\u201330.","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"3085_CR4","first-page":"589","volume-title":"Pathologic basis of veterinary disease","author":"SJ Newman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Newman SJ. The urinary system. In: Zachary JF, McGavin MD, editors. Pathologic basis of veterinary disease. 5th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2012. p. 589\u2013657.","edition":"5"},{"issue":"1","key":"3085_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2016.1174129","volume":"45","author":"PE Martino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martino PE, Bautista EL, Gimeno EJ, Stanchi NO, Radman NE. Fourteen-year status report of fatal illnesses in captive chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). J Appl Anim Res. 2017;45(1):310\u20134.","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3085_CR6","first-page":"503","volume":"63","author":"LL Diaz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diaz LL, Lepherd M, Scott J. Enteric infection and subsequent septicemia due to attaching and effacing Escherichia coli in a Chinchilla. Comp Med. 2013;63(6):503\u20137.","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3085_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.1.5.486-488.1975","volume":"1","author":"DW Owens","year":"1975","unstructured":"Owens DW, Menges RW, Sprouse RF, Stewart W, Hooper BE. Naturally occurring histoplasmosis in the Chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger). J Clin Microbiol. 1975;1(5):486\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"3085_CR8","first-page":"477","volume-title":"Exotic animal formulary","author":"MJ Rodents","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodents MJ. In: Carpenter JW, Marion CJ, editors. Exotic animal formulary. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2013. p. 477\u2013516.","edition":"4"},{"key":"3085_CR9","unstructured":"Silverman S, Tell L. Radiology of rodents, rabbits and ferrets-E-book: an atlas of normal anatomy and positioning. St. Louis: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2004. p. 6\u20137."},{"issue":"2","key":"3085_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587901600201","volume":"16","author":"DO Slauson","year":"1979","unstructured":"Slauson DO, Lewis RM. Comparative pathology of glomerulonephritis in animals. Vet Pathol. 1979;16(2):135\u201364.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"3085_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-380920-9.00003-1","volume-title":"The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents","author":"IM Washington","year":"2012","unstructured":"Washington IM, Van Hoosier G. Clinical biochemistry and hematology. In: Suckow M, Stevens K, Wilson R, editors. The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents. New York: Academic Press; 2012. p. 57\u2013116."}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03085-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03085-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03085-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T07:03:52Z","timestamp":1638515032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03085-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03085-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The present case report has received ethical approval by the ethics committee of the University of Parma \u201cComitato Etico per la Sperimentazione Animale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 di Parma\u201d.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Owners gave written consent for their pet\u2019s personal or clinical details along with any identifying images to be published in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"370"}}