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Recently, bacterial ghosts exploited for different biomedical applications, for instance, vaccination. The purpose of this study is to measure the immunogenic protective response of bacterial ghosts of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella Typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                      in animals and to allow future testing this response in humans. The immunologic response was qualitatively, quantitatively, and functionally measured. We have measured the humoral and cellular immune responses, such as immunoglobulins elevation (IgG), increased granulocytes, serum antibacterial activity, clearance of virulence in feces and liver, and the survival rate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The bacterial ghosts\u2019 vaccine was able to protect 100% of subcutaneously vaccinated rats and 75% of adjuvant subcutaneously vaccinated rats. The lowest survival rate was in the orally vaccinated group (25%). The maximum level of serum IgG titers, as well as serum and feces bactericidal activity (100% eradication), was exhibited in the subcutaneously vaccinated group with adjuvant vaccines followed by the subcutaneously vaccinated one. Additionally, the highest granulocytes\u2019 number was observed in the adjuvant vaccine subcutaneously immunized group. The bacterial load in liver homogenate was eliminated in the subcutaneously vaccinated rats after the virulence challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The bacterial ghosts of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Typhimurium that prepared by Tween 80 Protocol showed an effective vaccine candidate that protected animals, eliminated the virulence in feces and liver. These findings show that chemically induced bacterial ghosts of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella Typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                      can be a promising vaccine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03112-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T02:10:54Z","timestamp":1645150254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Immunological characterization of the chemically prepared ghosts of Salmonella Typhimurium as a vaccine candidate"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sameh","family":"Rabea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aymen S.","family":"Yassin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aly Fahmy","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mounir M.","family":"Salem-Bekhit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fars K.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Amin","family":"Esmail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayera A.","family":"Moneib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abd Elgawad M.","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"3112_CR1","first-page":"200","volume":"6","author":"H Jaleta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jaleta H, Mamo B, Disassa H. 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All procedures and methods that have been used in this study were performed in the compliance with the guidelines and regulations of the research ethical committee in the college of pharmacy, Cairo University as well as with the ARRIVE guidelines. All authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose in all aspects of this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"72"}}