{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T10:07:57Z","timestamp":1788602877021,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Dogs are one of the important asymptomatic carriers of antimicrobial resistant and potentially pathogenic strains of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>. They can harbor large bacterial load in the intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes which can be shed in their feces with the possibility of transmission to humans. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted with the objectives of estimating the prevalence of non-typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella,<\/jats:italic> assessing the risk factors for dog\u2019s <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> carriage, and profiling the antimicrobial resistance pattern of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates among housed dogs in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 415 rectal swab samples were collected from randomly selected dogs. Samples were examined for non-typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> using standard bacteriologic culture and biochemical tests. The disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test) was employed to evaluate the isolates for their susceptibility against five antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Non-typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> were isolated from 26 (6.3%) of the rectal swab samples, with significantly higher occurrence in diarrheic (15.2%) than non-diarrheic (5.5%) dogs. The risk of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> harboring was significantly higher in female dogs than in male dogs (OR\u2009=\u20092.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.027). Dogs fecal shedding of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> was relatively higher in households who used offal as a main feed type for their dogs (23.1%; 95% CI\u2009=\u20095\u201353.8) than those who used leftover food (10.1%; 95% CI\u2009=\u20095.7\u201316.1) and practiced mixed feeding system (17%; 95% CI\u2009=\u20097.6\u201330.8). <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates showed higher resistance to ampicillin (41.7%), while all isolates were fully susceptible to gentamicin. Moreover, 58.3% of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates showed resistance to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. Majorities (72.7%) of the dog owners had no awareness on the risk of zoonotic salmonellosis from dog and all of the respondents use bare hand to clean dog kennel.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study reveals the importance of both diarrheic and apparently healthy housed dogs in the harboring and shedding of antimicrobial resistant non-typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>. The risk of non-typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spread among pet owners is not negligible, especially in households who use offal as main feed type. Therefore, an integrated approach such as: proper dog handling practices; continuous evaluation of antimicrobial resistance; and rational use of antimicrobials in the field of veterinary sector are necessary to tackle the problem.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03135-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T07:03:09Z","timestamp":1642230189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and risk factors assessment of non-typhoidal Salmonella from apparently healthy and diarrheic dogs"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Belisa","family":"Usmael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruk","family":"Abraha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisay","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahar","family":"Mummed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adem","family":"Hiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallahi","family":"Abdurehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"3135_CR1","volume-title":"Veterinary microbiology and microbial disease","author":"P Quinn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quinn P, Markey B, Leonard F, Fitzpatrick E, Fanning S, Hartigan P. Veterinary microbiology and microbial disease. 2nd ed. Syndey: Hometra; 2011.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3135_CR2","volume-title":"Thompson\u2019s special veterinary pathology","author":"D McGavin","year":"2001","unstructured":"McGavin D, Carlton W, Zachary J. Thompson\u2019s special veterinary pathology. Philadephia: Mosby; 2001."},{"key":"3135_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1107-1","volume":"37","author":"T Zahraei-Salehi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zahraei-Salehi T, Askari-Badouei M, Madadgar O, Ghiasi SR, Ashrafi-Tamai I. Shepherd dogs as a common source for Salmonella enterica serovar reading in Garmsar, Iran. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2013;37:102\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3906\/vet-1107-1.","journal-title":"Turk J Vet Anim Sci"},{"key":"3135_CR4","volume-title":"Report of the meeting of the OIE ad hoc group on Salmonellosis. May 2010 ed","author":"OIE (World Organization for Animal Health)","year":"2010","unstructured":"OIE (World Organization for Animal Health). Report of the meeting of the OIE ad hoc group on Salmonellosis. May 2010 ed. Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health; 2010."},{"issue":"4","key":"3135_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.g367","volume":"174","author":"F Leonard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leonard F. Salmonella infection and carriage: the importance of dogs and their owners. Vet Rec. 2014;174(4):92\u20133.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"12","key":"3135_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001921","volume":"12","author":"MD Kirk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kirk MD, Pires SM, Black RE, Caipo M, Crump JA, Devleesschauwer B, et al. World health organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, Protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: a data synthesis. PLoS Med. 2015;12(12):e1001921 pmid:26633831.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3135_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1205.050854","volume":"12","author":"E Galanis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Galanis E, Lo Fo Wong DMA, Patrick ME, Binsztein N, Cieslik A, Chalermchikit T, et al. Web-based surveillance and global Salmonella distribution, 2000-2002. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(3):381\u20138 https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3201%2Feid1203.050854.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"3135_CR8","first-page":"371","volume":"79","author":"O Ojo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ojo O, Adetosoye A. Salmonella Typhimurium infection in diarrhoeic and none-diarrhoeic infection dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria. Veterinarski Arhiv. 2009;79:371\u20137.","journal-title":"Veterinarski Arhiv"},{"key":"3135_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.66.1.82","volume":"66","author":"E Morse","year":"1976","unstructured":"Morse E, Duncan M, Estep D, Riggs W, Blackburn B. Canine salmonellosis: a review and report of dog to child transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis. Am J Public Health. 1976;66:82\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"3135_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.62.767","volume":"62","author":"Y Sato","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sato Y, Mori T, Koyama T, Nagase H. Salmonella Virchow infection in an infant transmitted by household dogs. J Vet Med Sci. 2000;62(7):767\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.62.767.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"3135_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms1939.38.215","volume":"38","author":"Y Tanaka","year":"1976","unstructured":"Tanaka Y, Katsube Y, Imaizumi K. Distribution of salmonellae in the digestive tract and lymph node of carrier-dogs. Japan J Vet Sci. 1976;38:215\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms1939.38.215.","journal-title":"Japan J Vet Sci"},{"key":"3135_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-34","volume":"42","author":"K Hoelzer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoelzer K, Moreno-Switt AI, Wiedmann M. Animal contact as a source of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Vet Res. 2011;42:34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1297-9716-42-34.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"3135_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ejo M, Garedew L, Alebachew Z, Worku W. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from animal-origin food items in Gondar, Ethiopia. Biomed Res Int. 2016;4290506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/4290506.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4290506"},{"issue":"1","key":"3135_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2437-2","volume":"17","author":"RD Abdi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdi RD, Mengstie F, Beyi AF, Beyene T, Waktole H, Mammo B, et al. Determination of the sources and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from the poultry industry in Southern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-017-2437-2.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"3135_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1055-y","volume":"13","author":"B Kiflu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kiflu B, Alemayehu H, Abdurahaman M, Negash Y, Eguale T. Salmonella serotypes and their antimicrobial susceptibility in apparently healthy dogs in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-017-1055-y.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"3135_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1235-y","volume":"15","author":"T Eguale","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eguale T, Gebreyes W, Asrat D, Alemayehu H, Gunn JS, Engidawork E. Non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and coinfection with parasites among patients with diarrhea and other gastrointestinal complaints in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-015-1235-y.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3135_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3189-9","volume":"11","author":"D Marami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marami D, Hailu K, Tolera M. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella and Shigella species among asymptomatic food handlers working in Haramaya University cafeterias, Eastern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-018-3189-9.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"3135_CR18","unstructured":"WHO. The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance: options for action.\u00a0Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/44812"},{"issue":"9835","key":"3135_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61752-2","volume":"379","author":"NA Feasey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feasey NA, Dougan G, Kingsley RA, Heyderman RS, Gordon MA. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa. Lancet. 2012;379(9835):2489\u201399 https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(11)61752-2.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"7","key":"3135_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12257","volume":"63","author":"AM Leahy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leahy AM, Cummings KJ, Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Rankin SC, Hamer SA. Evaluation of faecal Salmonella shedding among dogs at seven animal shelters across Texas. Zoonoses Public Health. 2016;63(7):515\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12257.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"3135_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reimschuessel R, Grabenstein M, Guag J, Nemser SM, Song K, Qiu J, et al. Multilaboratory Survey to Evaluate Salmonella Prevalence in Diarrheic and Nondiarrheic Dogs and Cats in the United States between 2012 and 2014. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.02137-16.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02137-16"},{"key":"3135_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101864","volume":"174","author":"AW Philbey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Philbey AW, Mather HA, Gibbons JF, Thompson H, Taylor DJ, Coia JE. Serovars, bacteriophage types and antimicrobial sensitivities associated with salmonellosis in dogs in the UK (1954-2012). Vet Rec. 2014;174:94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.101864.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"3135_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2017.18.3.273","volume":"18","author":"S Srisanga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Srisanga S, Angkititrakul S, Sringam P, Ho PT, Vo A, Chuanchuen R. Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Salmonella enterica isolated from pet dogs and cats. J Vet Sci. 2016;18:273\u201381.","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"3135_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-007-0009-4","volume":"31","author":"H Tsai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsai H, Huang H, Lin C, Lien Y, Chou H. Salmonellae and campylobacters in household and stray dogs in northern Taiwan. Vet Res Commun. 2007;31(8):931\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-007-0009-4.","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"3135_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2006.00932.x","volume":"53","author":"AL Kocabiyik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kocabiyik AL, Cetin C, Dedicova D. Detection of Salmonella spp. in stray dogs in Bursa Province, Turkey: first isolation of Salmonella Corvallis from dogs. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2006;53(4):194\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2006.00932.x.","journal-title":"J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"3135_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.69.775","volume":"69","author":"AF Bagcigil","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bagcigil AF, Ikiz S, Dokuzeylu B, Basaran B, Or E, Ozgur NK. Fecal shedding of Salmonella species in dogs. J Vet Med Sci. 2007;69(7):775\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.69.775.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"3135_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2004.00785.x","volume":"51","author":"N Seepersadsingh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seepersadsingh N, Adesiyun A, Seebaransingh R. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. in non- diarrhoeic dogs in Trinidad. Journal of veterinary medicine. B. Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2004;51:337\u201342.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Vet Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"3135_CR28","first-page":"817","volume":"167","author":"E Morse","year":"1975","unstructured":"Morse E, Duncan M. Canine salmonellosis: prevalence, epizootiology, signs, and public health significance. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1975;167(9):817\u201320.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"3135_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851992617.0231","volume-title":"Salmonella in Domestic Animals","author":"M Carter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Carter M, Quinn J. Salmonella infections in dogs and cats. In: Wray C, Wray A, editors. Salmonella in Domestic Animals. Wallingford: CAB International; 2000. p. 231\u201344."},{"issue":"4","key":"3135_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.164.4.120","volume":"164","author":"AW Philbey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Philbey AW, Brown FM, Mather HA, Coia JE, Taylor DJ. Salmonellosis in cats in the United Kingdom. 1955 to 2007. Vet Rec. 2009;164(4):120\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.164.4.120.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"4","key":"3135_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231275","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231275","volume":"15","author":"FM Viegas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Viegas FM, Ramos CP, Xavier RGC, Lopes EO, J\u00fanior CAO, Bagno RM, et al. Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridioides difficile in dogs fed raw meat-based diets in Brazil and their owners\u2019 motivation. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0231275.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8\u201310","key":"3135_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01147.x","volume":"55","author":"R Finley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Finley R, Reid-Smith R, Ribble C, Popa M, Vandermeer M, Aramini J. The occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonellae isolated from commercially available canine raw food diets in three Canadian cities. Zoonoses Public Health. 2008;55(8\u201310):462\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01147.x.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"3135_CR33","volume-title":"Update: recall of dry dog and cat food products associated with human Salmonella Schwarzengrund infections\u2013United States, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","author":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)","year":"2008","unstructured":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Update: recall of dry dog and cat food products associated with human Salmonella Schwarzengrund infections\u2013United States, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2008; Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm5744a2.htm"},{"key":"3135_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1737-0","volume":"14","author":"TB Tufa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tufa TB, Gurmu F, Beyi AF, Hogeveen H, Beyene TJ, Ayana D, et al. Veterinary medicinal product usage among food animal producers and its health implications in Central Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14:409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-018-1737-0.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"3135_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00055","volume":"7","author":"BA Gemeda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gemeda BA, Amenu K, Magnusson U, Dohoo I, Hallenberg GS, Alemayehu G, et al. Antimicrobial use in extensive smallholder livestock farming Systems in Ethiopia: knowledge, attitudes, and practices of livestock keepers. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.00055.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"3135_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v16i2.3","volume":"16","author":"E Yimer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yimer E, Mesfin A, Beyene M, Bekele A, Taye G, Zewdie B, et al. Study on knowledge, attitude and dog ownership patterns related to rabies prevention and control in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop Vet J. 2012;16(2):27\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/evj.v16i2.3.","journal-title":"Ethiop Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3135_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004471","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004471","volume":"10","author":"R Tschopp","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tschopp R, Bekele S, Aseffa A. Dog demography, animal bite management and rabies knowledge-attitude and practices in the Awash Basin, Eastern Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(2):e0004471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004471.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"3135_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555907","DOI":"10.19080\/CTBEB.2018.15.555907","volume":"15","author":"A Sultan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sultan A, Eyob H, Olifan Z, Yohannes E. Isolation and Identification of Salmonella from Apparently Healthy Pet Dogs in Holeta Town, Western Shoa, Ethiopia. Curr Trends Biomed Eng Biosci. 2018;15(2):555907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19080\/CTBEB.2018.15.555907.","journal-title":"Curr Trends Biomed Eng Biosci"},{"key":"3135_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v23i1.5","volume":"23","author":"E Zewdu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zewdu E, Miheretu S, Megersa L, Jorga E, Kebebew G, Shiferaw S. Prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolated from dogs of ambo, Bako and Gojo towns of west Shoa, Ethiopia. Ethiop Vet J. 2019;23:59\u201377.","journal-title":"Ethiop Vet J"},{"issue":"4","key":"3135_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.492","volume":"221","author":"S Sanchez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sanchez S, Hofarce CL, Lee MD, Maurer JJ, Doyle MP. Animal sources of Salmonellosis in humans. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;221(4):492\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.2002.221.492.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"3135_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.64.1079","volume":"64","author":"T Fukata","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fukata T, Naito F, Yoshida N, Yamaguchi T, Mizumura Y, Hirai K. Incidence of Salmonella infection in healthy dogs in Gifu prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 2002;64(11):1079\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.64.1079.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3135_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr430","volume":"67","author":"EK Leonard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leonard EK, Pearl DL, Finley RL, Janecko N, Reid-Smith RJ, Peregrine AS, et al. Comparison of antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli recovered from pet dogs from volunteer households in Ontario (2005-06). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(1):174\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkr430.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"3135_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3923\/javaa.2012.618.621","volume":"11","author":"A Polpakdee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Polpakdee A, Angkititrakul S, Suksawat F, Sparagano O, Kanistanon K. Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp. isolated from dogs and cats in northeastern Thailand. J Anim Vet Adv. 2012;11(5):618\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/javaa.2012.618.621.","journal-title":"J Anim Vet Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"3135_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.84","volume":"4","author":"VA Amadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amadi VA, Hariharan H, Arya G, Matthew-Belmar V, Nicholas-Thomas R, Pinckney R, et al. Serovars and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from non-diarrhoeic dogs in Grenada, West Indies. Vet Med Sci. 2018;4(1):26\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.84.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"3135_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1975.34193","volume":"23","author":"D Timbs","year":"1975","unstructured":"Timbs D, Davis G, Carter M, Carman M. The Salmonella excretory incidence of dogs in Hawke\u2019s bay. N Z Vet J. 1975;23:54\u20136.","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3135_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5326\/0390052","volume":"39","author":"T Hackett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hackett T, Lappin MR. Prevalence of enteric pathogens in dogs of north-Central Colorado. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2003;39(1):52\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5326\/0390052.","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"3135_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12062","volume":"61","author":"TD Procter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Procter TD, Pearl DL, Finley RL, Leonard EK, Janecko N, Reid-Smith RJ, et al. A cross-sectional study examining Campylobacter and other zoonotic enteric pathogens in dogs that frequent dog parks in three cities in South-Western Ontario and risk factors for shedding of Campylobacter spp. Zoonoses Public Health. 2014;61(3):208\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12062.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"3135_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0553-z","volume":"11","author":"P Lowden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lowden P, Wallis C, Gee N, Hilton A. Investigating the prevalence of Salmonella in dogs within the midlands region of the United Kingdom. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-015-0553-z.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"3135_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-520","volume":"13","author":"JW Stull","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stull JW, Peregrine AS, Sargeant JM, Weese JS. Pet husbandry and infection control practices related to zoonotic disease risks in Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-520.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3135_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.03.013","volume":"30","author":"JG Frye","year":"2007","unstructured":"Frye JG, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Prevalence, distribution and characterization of ceftiofur resistance in Salmonella enterica isolated from animals in the USA from 1999 to 2003. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;30(2):134\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.03.013.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"3135_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/392548","volume":"1","author":"M Saleh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saleh M, Samson A, Nuhu B, Naphtali N, Adamu S, Shuaibu G, et al. Prevalence of Salmonella infection in dogs in Maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria. Int J Microbiol. 2014;1:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/392548.","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3135_CR52","first-page":"69","volume":"48","author":"R Finley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Finley R, Ribble C, Aramini J, Vandermeer M, Popa M, Litman M, et al. The risk of salmonellae shedding by dogs fed Salmonella-contaminated commercial raw food diets. Can Vet J. 2007;48(1):69\u201375.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"3135_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.08.017","volume":"119","author":"U Schotte","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schotte U, Borchers D, Wulff C, Geue L. Salmonella Montevideo outbreak in military kennel dogs caused by contaminated commercial feed, which was only recognized through monitoring. Vet Microbiol. 2007;119(2\u20134):316\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.08.017.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"3135_CR54","volume-title":"C-EnterNet 2007 Annual Report: National Integrated Enteric Pathogen Surveillance Program","author":"PHAC","year":"2009","unstructured":"PHAC. C-EnterNet 2007 Annual Report: National Integrated Enteric Pathogen Surveillance Program. (2009). (Available at: https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2010\/aspc-phac\/HP37-8-2008-eng.pdf)."},{"issue":"11","key":"3135_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.11.1549","volume":"243","author":"LM Freeman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Freeman LM, Chandler ML, Hamper BA, Weeth LP. Current knowledge about the risks and benefits of raw meat-based diets for dogs and cats. JAVMA. 2013;243(11):1549\u201358.","journal-title":"JAVMA."},{"issue":"2","key":"3135_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-008-9181-y","volume":"41","author":"E Zewdu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zewdu E, Cornelius P. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food items and personnel in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2009;41(2):241\u20139.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"3135_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-222","volume":"11","author":"Z Addis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Addis Z, Kebede N, Worku Z, Gezahegn H, Yirsaw A, Kassa T. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from lactating cows and in contact humans in dairy farms of Addis Ababa: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-222.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"3135_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-017-0131-z","volume":"36","author":"W Wabeto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wabeto W, Abraham Y, Anjulo AA. Detection and identification of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in raw beef at Wolaita Sodo municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia. J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36:52 https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs41043-017-0131-z.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"3135_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jajere SM, Onyilokwu SA, Adamu NB, Atsanda NN, Saidu AS, Adamu SG, et al. Prevalence of Salmonella infection in dogs in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria. Int J Microbiol. 2014:392548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/392548.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/392548"},{"issue":"3","key":"3135_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.3.338","volume":"241","author":"T Tupler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tupler T, Levy JK, Sabshin SJ, Tucker SJ, Greiner EC, Leutenegger CM. Enteropathogens identified in dogs entering a Florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;241(3):338\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.241.3.338.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3135_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4067\/S0719-81322019000100107","volume":"51","author":"KM N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Castro","year":"2019","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Castro KM, Mu\u00f1oz ET, Garc\u00eda GF, Herrera-Ram\u00edrez JC, Valencia GL, Medina-Basulto GE, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and identification of Salmonella spp. in stray dogs of northwest Mexico. Austral J Vet Sci. 2019;51(1):37\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4067\/S0719-81322019000100107.","journal-title":"Austral J Vet Sci"},{"key":"3135_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851992617.0000","volume-title":"Salmonella in Domestic Animals","author":"C Wray","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wray C, Wray A. Salmonella in Domestic Animals. Wallingford: CAB International; 2000."},{"key":"3135_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1466-4","volume":"8","author":"T Beyene","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beyene T, Endalamaw D, Tolossa Y, Feyisa A. Evaluation of rational use of veterinary drugs especially antimicrobials and anthelmintics in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-015-1466-4.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"6","key":"3135_CR64","first-page":"546","volume":"8","author":"AH Bedada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bedada AH, Zewde BM. Tetracycline residue levels in slaughtered beef cattle from three slaughterhouses in Central Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria. 2012;8(6):546\u201354.","journal-title":"Global Veterinaria"},{"key":"3135_CR65","volume-title":"An assessment of the effectiveness of the upgrading and revitalization strategies for housing development in case of Harar city","author":"S Abdulwasi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abdulwasi S. An assessment of the effectiveness of the upgrading and revitalization strategies for housing development in case of Harar city. Addis Ababa: MSc Thesis, Ethiopian Civil Service University; 2009."},{"issue":"20","key":"3135_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2014.6714","volume":"8","author":"DA Adimasu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adimasu DA, Kebede A, Menkir S. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance Salmonella isolates, Entermoeba histolytica and Giardia lomblia in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2014;8(20):2044\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5897\/AJMR2014.6714.","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"key":"3135_CR67","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, central statistical agency","author":"CSA","year":"2013","unstructured":"CSA. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, central statistical agency. Addis Ababa: Population Projection of Ethiopia for the Year 2014; 2013. p. 4\u201338."},{"key":"3135_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118280249","volume-title":"Veterinary epidemiology fourth edition","author":"M Thrusfield","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thrusfield M. Veterinary epidemiology fourth edition. Edinburgh: Veterinary Clinical Sciences Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh; 2018."},{"key":"3135_CR69","volume-title":"Detection of Salmonella species in animal faeces and in environmental samples from the primary production stage, amendment 1, Annex D","author":"ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 6579:2002\/amd 1:2007","year":"2007","unstructured":"ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 6579:2002\/amd 1:2007. Detection of Salmonella species in animal faeces and in environmental samples from the primary production stage, amendment 1, Annex D 2007."},{"key":"3135_CR70","unstructured":"ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 6579. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuff- horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella species. Geneva:\u00a0International Organization for Standardization; 2002. p. 511\u201325."},{"key":"3135_CR71","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; document M100","author":"CLSI","year":"2018","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; document M100. 28th ed. Wayne: Second informational supplement, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2018.","edition":"28"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03135-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03135-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03135-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T07:05:32Z","timestamp":1642230332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03135-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-021-03135-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Even thou the study subjects (dogs) are not exposed to damages due to the nature of sample (swab sample), the best practice guidelines for veterinary care were applied during sampling. Because our study didn\u2019t include animal experimentation, our study was not subjected to ethical review by \u201c<i>Animal Research Ethical Review Committee of Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine<\/i>\u201d. Rectal swab sample collection was carried out under aseptic conditions without affecting an animal\u2019s life. The dog owners were informed and aware about the purpose of the study and verbal informed consent was obtained to conduct the study. In doing so, we don\u2019t include any personal data, images, videos, etc. that can violate individual participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"37"}}