{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T21:09:36Z","timestamp":1771016976986,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Glanders is a transmissible zoonotic disease caused by <jats:italic>Burkholderia mallei<\/jats:italic> that infects equids and humans. No glanders cases in equids were reported so far in Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Following suspected glanders in animals with clinical signs in different regions in Nepal, serum samples were tested by CFT, ELISA and Luminex\u00ae tests. Two horses and a mule tested positive for glanders by all tests, while two other equids only tested positive by ELISA and Luminex\u00ae. Analysis of swabs and pus samples by a PCR system targeting <jats:italic>B. mallei<\/jats:italic> confirmed the presence of the bacterium in the samples collected from the 3 equids that yielded positive results in all serological tests. Genotyping of the three PCR positive samples with a SNP-based method identified a genotype closely related to the <jats:italic>B. mallei<\/jats:italic> strains circulating in India.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Confirmation of glanders cases underscores the need of implementing a surveillance program in Nepal and a strict control of the animal movement across the borders.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03233-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T04:02:58Z","timestamp":1649217778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["First glanders cases detected in Nepal underscore the need for surveillance and border controls"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Koirala","family":"P","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maharjan","family":"M","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manandhar","family":"S","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pandey","family":"KR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deshayes","family":"T","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"G","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valvano","family":"MA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laroucau","family":"K","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3233_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2012.01342.x","volume":"60","author":"I Khan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khan I, Wieler LH, Melzer F, Elschner MC, Muhammad G, Ali S, Sprague LD, Neubauer H, Saqib M. Glanders in animals: a review on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and countermeasures. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2013;60:204\u201321.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"3233_CR2","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health. 2018. Terrestrial animal health code. Available at: https:\/\/www.oie.int\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Health_standards\/tahm\/3.05.11_GLANDERS."},{"key":"3233_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.05.004","volume":"63","author":"G Girault","year":"2018","unstructured":"Girault G, Wattiau P, Saqib M, Martin B, Vorimore F, Singha H, Engelsma M, Roest HJ, Spicic S, Grunow R, Vicari N, De Keersmaecker SCJ, Roosens NHC, Fabbi M, Tripathi BN, Zientara S, Madani N, Laroucau K. High-resolution melting PCR analysis for rapid genotyping of Burkholderia mallei. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;63:1\u20134.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3233_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13777","volume":"68","author":"AR LaroucauK","year":"2021","unstructured":"LaroucauK AR, Vorimore F, Varghese K, Deshayes T, Bertin C, Delannoy S, SamiAM AB, M, El ShorbagyM, AlmutawaaKAW, SaadAlanezi SJ, Alazemi YSN, Guernier- CambertV, Wernery U. A genetic variant of Burkholderia mallei detected in Kuwait: Consequences for the PCR diagnosis of glanders. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021;68(2):960\u20133.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"3233_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.105059","volume":"95","author":"H Singha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singha H, Vorimore F, Saini Sheetal, Deshayes T, Saqib M, Tripathi BN, Laroucau K. Molecular epidemiology of Burkholderia mallei isolates from India (2015\u20132016): New SNP markers for strain tracing. Infect Genet Evol. 2021;95:105059.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"issue":"25","key":"3233_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103617","volume":"178","author":"K Laroucau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Laroucau K, Colaneri C, Ja\u00ff M, Corde Y, Drapeau A, Durand B, Zientara S, Beck C, Union E, laboratories involved in glandersserodiagnosis. Interlaboratory ring trial to evaluate CFT proficiency of European laboratories for diagnosis of glanders in equids. Vet Rec. 2016;178(25):632.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"3233_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628389","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.628389","volume":"8","author":"MC Elschner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elschner MC, Melzer F, Singha H, Muhammad S, Gardner I, Neubauer H. Validation of a commercial glanders ELISA as an alternative to the CFT in international trade of equidae. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:628389.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"3233_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214963","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214963","volume":"14","author":"M Elschner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elschner M, Laroucau K, Singha H, El-Adawy H, Khan I, Saqib M, Melzer F, Gardner I, Neubauer H. Evaluation of the prescribed complement fixation test in comparison with western blot and five enzyme linked immune assays for serological diagnosis of glanders. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0214963.","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"3233_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105463","volume":"207","author":"K Laroucau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laroucau K, Saqib M, Martin B, Deshayes T, Bertin C, Wernery U, Joseph S, Singha H, Tripathi BN, Beck C. Development of a microsphere-based immunoassay for the serological detection of glanders in equids. Acta Topica. 2020;207:105463.","journal-title":"Acta Topica."},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1876440","volume":"12","author":"G Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang G, Glaser L, Scott NE, Fathy Mohamed Y, Ingram R, Laroucau K, Valvano MA. A glycoengineered antigen exploiting a conserved protein O-glycosylation pathway in the Burkholderia genus for detection of glanders infections. Virulence. 2021;12(1):493\u2013506.","journal-title":"Virulence."},{"key":"3233_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-019-0185-2","volume":"47","author":"N Adhikari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adhikari N, Acharya KP, Wilson RT. The potential for an outbreak of glanders in Nepal. Tropical Medicine and Health. 2019;47:57.","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"3233_CR12","first-page":"167","volume":"48","author":"P Malik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Malik P, Singha H, Khurana SK, Kumar R, Kumar S, Raut AA, Riyesh T, Vaid RK, Virmani N, Singh BK, Pathak SV, Parkale DD, Singh B, Pandey SB, Sharma TR, Chauhan BC, Awasthi V, Jain S, Singh RK. Emergence and re-emergence of glanders in India: a description of outbreaks from 2006 to 2011. Vet Ital. 2012;48(2):167\u201378.","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"issue":"2","key":"3233_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000129","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2015-000129","volume":"2","author":"P Malik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Malik P, Singha H, Goyal SK, Khurana SK, Tripathi BN, Dutt A, Singh D, Sharma N, Jain S. Incidence of Burkholderia mallei infection among indigenous equines in India. Vet Rec Open. 2015;2(2):e000129.","journal-title":"Vet Rec Open."},{"key":"3233_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13475","author":"H Singha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singha H, Shanmugasundaram K, Tripathi BN, Saini S, Khurana SK, Kanani A, Shah N, Mital A, Kanwar P, Bhatt L, Limaye V, Khasa V, Arora R, Gupta S, Sangha S, Sharma H, Agarwal SK, Tapase J, Parnam S, Dubey P, Baalasundaram SK, Mandal BN, Virmani N, Raj Gulati B, Malik P. Serological surveillance and clinical investigation of glanders among indigenous equines in India from 2015 to 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.13475.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"3233_CR15","unstructured":"Bhatt BR, Kafle A, Shrestha S, and Kaphle K.2020. Horse Breeds of Nepal. International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology. 10.23880\/izab-16000216. https:\/\/www.moald.gov.np\/publication\/Agriculture%20Statistics"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03233-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03233-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03233-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T04:03:48Z","timestamp":1649217828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03233-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03233-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Samples from naturally infected animal were collected as part of routine veterinary investigation carried out by qualified veterinarians from the Central Veterinary Laboratory of the Government of Nepal.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no financial or personal relationships with any individuals or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"132"}}