{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T20:59:27Z","timestamp":1794171567665,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/07255-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/07255-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Vetnil\u00ae"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combined chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine (GlcN) has been widely used in oral formulations to prevent and treat osteoarthritis. CS is effective for controlling pain in osteoarthritic patients, whereas GlcN can stimulate glycosaminoglycan synthesis, thus reducing extracellular matrix degradation. Although several studies have been published on this topic, the effectiveness of treatment with oral CS and GlcN remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to analyze the progression of experimentally induced osteoarthritis in horses and verify the effectiveness of an oral compound based on CS and GlcN to treat and\/or modulate this disease. The study analyzed the metacarpophalangeal joint of the left thoracic limb of 16 horses divided into two groups, with eight horses treated with CS and GlcN in the treated group (GT) and eight untreated horses in the control group (GC). Chondral lesions were induced through arthroscopy, which was defined as time-point zero (T0). Physical, ultrasonographic, and radiographic examinations and synovial fluid biomarkers measurements were performed on days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120. At the end of the experiment (T4), arthroscopy was performed again to macroscopically evaluate the joints and collect material for microscopic analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant differences were observed between groups in some evaluated parameters, such as visual lameness assessment, synovial concentrations of prostaglandin E2, and ultrasound examination. However, the GT still presented slightly improved results for joint flexion angle, analysis of lameness using sensors, and histopathological analysis of chondral repair tissue, however, without the statistical significance (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&gt;0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The treatment was considered effective in the clinical modulation of experimental osteoarthritis, with improvement of some parameters in the GT. However, this type of treatment may not be entirely effective to change the catabolic process in articular cartilage and the progressive induced chondral damage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03323-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T10:03:30Z","timestamp":1654769010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of oral treatment with chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine in an experimental model of metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis in horses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ana Lucia Miluzzi","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"do Prado Vendruscolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00edlia Ferrari","family":"Marsiglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric Danilo Pauls","family":"Sotelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Rodrigues","family":"Agreste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Raphaela Torquato","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joice","family":"F\u00fclber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Yvonne Arantes","family":"Baccarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Claudio Lopes Correia","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3323_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.01.006","volume":"35","author":"SO Monteiro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Monteiro SO, Bettencourt EV, Lepage OM. Biologic strategies for intra-articular treatment and cartilage repair. J Equine Vet Sci. 2015;35(3):175\u201390.","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"199","key":"3323_CR2","first-page":"2","volume":"5","author":"AM Elmesiry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elmesiry AM, Seleim MA, Mansour AA, Hill DC. Pentosan polysulfate as a disease modifier of cartilage degeneration in experimental osteoarthritis. J Arthritis. 2016;5(199):2.","journal-title":"J Arthritis"},{"issue":"11","key":"3323_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.111.2000132","volume":"1","author":"CW McIlwraith","year":"2012","unstructured":"McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE. The horse as a model of naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Bone Joint Res. 2012;1(11):297\u2013309.","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3323_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23738","volume":"36","author":"CW McIlwraith","year":"2018","unstructured":"McIlwraith CW, Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD, Little CB, Clegg PD, Peffers MJ, et al. Biomarkers for equine joint injury and osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2018;36(3):823\u201331.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3323_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.02.288","volume":"26","author":"N Te Moller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Te Moller N. Development of an equine carpal groove model to study early changes in osteoarthritis-a pilot study. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2018;26(1):S132\u20133.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"4","key":"3323_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e158072","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2019.158072","volume":"56","author":"MM Silva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Silva MM, Hagen SCF, do Prado Vendruscolo C, Baccarin RYA, Spagnolo JD, Yamada ALM, et al. The correlation between score-based protocol for equine joint assessment and subsequent arthroscopic intervention outcomes. Braz J Vet Res Animal Sci. 2019;56(4):e158072.","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Res Animal Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"3323_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022166","volume":"124","author":"H Watanabe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Watanabe H, Yamada Y, Kimata K. Roles of aggrecan, a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, in cartilage structure and function. J Biochem. 1998;124(4):687\u201393.","journal-title":"J Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"3323_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231734","volume":"15","author":"FE Artuzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Artuzi FE, Puricelli E, Baraldi CE, Quevedo AS, Ponzoni D. Reduction of osteoarthritis severity in the temporomandibular joint of rabbits treated with chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231734.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"3323_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.08.009","volume":"93","author":"RY Baccarin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baccarin RY, Machado TS, Moraes APL, Vieira FA, Michelacci YM. Urinary glycosaminoglycans in horse osteoarthritis. Effects of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine. Res Vet Sci. 2012;93(1):88\u201396.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"3323_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20180247","volume":"49","author":"JJ Moreira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moreira JJ, Coelho JM, Machado TSL, Morais APL, Michelacci YM, Baccarin RYA. Oral glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate on synovial fluid biomarkers from osteoarthritic equine joints. Ci\u00eanc Rural. 2019;49(9):e20180247.","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc Rural"},{"issue":"2","key":"3323_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b17-00556","volume":"41","author":"M Morita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morita M, Yamada K, Date H, Hayakawa K, Sakurai H, Yamada H. Efficacy of chondroitin sulfate for painful knee osteoarthritis: a one-year, randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical study in Japan. Biol Pharm Bull. 2018;41(2):163\u201371.","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"3323_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.03.033","volume":"109","author":"C Bottegoni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bottegoni C, Muzzarelli RA, Giovannini F, Busilacchi A, Gigante A. Oral chondroprotection with nutraceuticals made of chondroitin sulphate plus glucosamine sulphate in osteoarthritis. Carbohydr Polym. 2014;109:126\u201338.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"issue":"4","key":"3323_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12629","volume":"49","author":"V de Water","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Water V, Oosterlinck M, Dumoulin M, Korthagen NM, van Weeren PR, Van den Broek J, et al. The preventive effects of two nutraceuticals on experimentally induced acute synovitis. Equine Vet J. 2017;49(4):532\u20138.","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"3323_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.11.009","volume":"50","author":"RC Murray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray RC, Walker VA, Tranquille CA, Spear J, Adams V. A randomized blinded crossover clinical trial to determine the effect of an oral joint supplement on equine limb kinematics, orthopedic, physiotherapy, and handler evaluation scores. J Equine Vet Sci. 2017;50:121\u20138.","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"3323_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2010.02.015","volume":"86","author":"K Naito","year":"2010","unstructured":"Naito K, Watari T, Furuhata A, Yomogida S, Sakamoto K, Kurosawa H, et al. Evaluation of the effect of glucosamine on an experimental rat osteoarthritis model. Life Sci. 2010;86(13\u201314):538\u201343.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"3323_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0343","volume":"94","author":"JL Leatherwood","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leatherwood JL, Gehl KL, Coverdale JA, Arnold CE, Dabareiner RA, Walter KN, et al. Influence of oral glucosamine supplementation in young horses challenged with intra-articular lipopolysaccharide. J Animal Sci. 2016;94(8):3294\u2013302.","journal-title":"J Animal Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"3323_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12182","volume":"46","author":"MH Higler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Higler MH, Brommer H, L'ami JJ, de Grauw JC, Nielen M, van Weeren PR, et al. The effects of three-month oral supplementation with a nutraceutical and exercise on the locomotor pattern of aged horses. Equine Vet J. 2014;46(5):611\u20137.","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"3323_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2020.21.e21","volume":"21","author":"ALM Yamada","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamada ALM, Pinheiro M, Marsiglia MF, Hagen SCF, Baccarin RYA, da Silva LCL. Ultrasound and clinical findings in the metacarpophalangeal joint assessment of show jumping horses in training. J Vet Sci. 2019;21(3):e21.","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"3323_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.05.031","volume":"18","author":"CW McIlwraith","year":"2010","unstructured":"McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, Fuller CJ, Hurtig M, Cruz A. The OARSI histopathology initiative\u2013recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the horse. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18:S93\u2013S105.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"1","key":"3323_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1053\/j.otsm.2016.12.007","volume":"25","author":"AC Colbath","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colbath AC, Frisbie DD, Dow SW, Kisiday JD, McIlwraith CW, Goodrich LR. Equine models for the investigation of mesenchymal stem cell therapies in orthopaedic disease. Oper Tech Sports Med. 2017;25(1):41\u20139.","journal-title":"Oper Tech Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3323_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115089","volume":"10","author":"U Maninchedda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maninchedda U, Lepage OM, Gangl M, Hilairet S, Remandet B, Meot F, et al. Development of an equine groove model to induce metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis: a pilot study on 6 horses. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0115089.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"3323_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301608","volume":"9","author":"DD Frisbie","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frisbie DD, Ghivizzani SC, Robbins PD, Evans CH, McIlwraith CW. Treatment of experimental equine osteoarthritis by in vivo delivery of the equine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene. Gene Ther. 2002;9(1):12\u201320.","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"3323_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20933","volume":"27","author":"DD Frisbie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frisbie DD, Kisiday JD, Kawcak CE, Werpy NM, McIlwraith CW. Evaluation of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2009;27(12):1675\u201380.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3323_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.3.246","volume":"80","author":"SY Broeckx","year":"2019","unstructured":"Broeckx SY, Pille F, Buntinx S, Van Brantegem L, Duchateau L, Oosterlinck M, et al. Evaluation of an osteochondral fragment\u2013groove procedure for induction of metacarpophalangeal joint osteoarthritis in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2019;80(3):246\u201358.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3323_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/NOR.0b013e3182558cf5","volume":"31","author":"MS Martin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martin MS, Van Sell S, Danter J. Glucosamine and chondroitin: an appropriate adjunct treatment of symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee. Orthop Nurs. 2012;31(3):160\u20136.","journal-title":"Orthop Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"3323_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3912","volume":"279","author":"CJ Meininger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meininger CJ, Kelly KA, Li H, Haynes TE, Wu G. Glucosamine inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;279(1):234\u20139.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"3323_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.08.004","volume":"32","author":"CA Welch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Welch CA, Potter GD, Gibbs PG, Eller EM. Plasma concentration of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in horses after an oral dose. J Equine Vet Sci. 2012;32(1):60\u20134.","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"3323_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbo.2014.06.004","volume":"50","author":"RM Severino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Severino RM, Jorge PB, Martinelli MO, Lima MVD, Severino NR, Duarte JA. Analysis on the serum levels of the biomarker CTX-II in professional indoor soccer players over the course of one season. Rev Bras Ortop. 2015;50(3):331\u20135.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ortop"},{"key":"3323_CR29","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0","author":"IBM Corp. Released","year":"2012","unstructured":"IBM Corp. Released. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk: IBM Corp; 2012."},{"key":"3323_CR30","unstructured":"R CORE TEAM. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2017. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/. Accessed Feb 2021."}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03323-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03323-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03323-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T21:46:40Z","timestamp":1700689600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03323-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03323-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures in this experiment were conducted in accordance with Law 11.794 of October 8, 2008, Decree 6899 of July 15, 2009, as well as with the rules issued by the National Council for Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) and was approved by the Ethic Committee on Animal Use of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (University of S\u00e3o Paulo) (CEUA\/FMVZ) in the meeting of 06\/20\/2018, under protocol number 4119210917.This study was carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines (ARRIVE guidelines 2.0, 2020).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. The horse\u2019s owner was School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, and its registration is described in protocol number 4119210917 by Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at the University of S\u00e3o Paulo.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"215"}}