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We hypothesized that exenatide would improve insulin sensitivity and lower postprandial blood insulin concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized, crossover, experimental study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six horses (3 mares, 3 geldings; 2 with normal insulin regulation [NIR] and 4 with mild ID).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Horses completed both study arms: subcutaneous administration of exenatide (or no treatment) 30\u00a0min before an oral sugar test (0.15\u00a0ml\/kg of Karo Syrup). Blood samples obtained over 240\u00a0min were assayed for glucose, insulin, lactate, c-peptide and total GLP-1. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Insulin sensitivity (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was estimated using a mathematical model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Exenatide resulted in a postprandial decrease of 20% (effect size: 2673 \u00b5U\u00b7min\/ml; 95% CI: 900 \u2013 4446 \u00b5U\u00b7min\/ml;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) in AUC of plasma insulin (control; mean AUC insulin: 11,989 \u00b5U\u00b7min\/ml; 95% CI: 9673 \u2013 14,305 \u00b5U\u00b7min\/ml, exenatide; mean AUC insulin: 9316 \u00b5U\u00b7min\/ml; 95% CI: 7430 \u2013 11,202 \u00b5U\u00b7min\/ml). Exenatide resulted in an approximately threefold increase (effect size: 5.56 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u20134<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7 \u00b5U\/ml\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; 95% CI: 0.95 \u2013 10.1 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u20134<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7 \u00b5U\/ml\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02) in estimated insulin sensitivity (control mean\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      : 1.93 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u20134<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7 \u00b5U\/ml\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; 95% CI: 0.005 \u2013 3.86 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u20134<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7\u00b5U\/ml\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      vs. exenatide mean\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      : 7.49 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u20134<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7 \u00b5U\/ml\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; 95% CI: 3.46 \u2013 11.52 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u20134<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7 \u00b5U\/ml\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The decrease in insulin response to carbohydrates was due to an increase in whole-body insulin sensitivity. GLP-1 agonists may have therapeutic potential for ID in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03394-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T01:02:52Z","timestamp":1659056572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effect of a GLP-1 mimetic on the insulin response to oral sugar testing in horses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Darko","family":"Stefanovski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary A.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Van Eps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"3394_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.04.009","volume":"26","author":"CM McGowan","year":"2010","unstructured":"McGowan CM. 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All methods were carried out in accordance to with all applicable university, state and federal regulations. Fruthremore, all methodologies were reported in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participants"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to report. All experimental protocols have been approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"294"}}