{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:18:44Z","timestamp":1789053524792,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Pasteur Institute of Iran and Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University","award":["1744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1744"]}]},{"name":"the Pasteur Institute of Iran and Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University","award":["1744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1744"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Q fever is one of the most important zoonotic diseases caused by <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>. Although Q fever is an endemic disease in Iran, epidemiological data on <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection are not yet complete in reservoirs and vectors in some parts of Iran. This survey investigated <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection in small ruminants (sheep and goat blood samples) and their ticks in western Iran (Kurdistan province) in 2020. The presence of <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> DNA was identified in these samples by targeting the <jats:italic>IS1111<\/jats:italic> gene using the quantitative PCR (qPCR) method.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Out of 250 blood samples (232 sheep and 18 goats), <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> was detected in two samples (0.8%) belonging to the sheep (0.9%). In addition, 34 of 244 collected ticks (13.9%) from infested animals (244) were positive for <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection. The highest prevalence of infection was found in <jats:italic>Dermacentor marginatus<\/jats:italic> (18.3%) and <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis concinna<\/jats:italic> (12.5%).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present study showed that ticks could have a possible role in the epidemiology of Q fever in Iran.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03396-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T12:03:58Z","timestamp":1659009838000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii in small ruminants and their ticks in western Iran"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Rahravani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meysam","family":"Moravedji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Mostafavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Seyfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Baseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mahdi","family":"Mozoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Latifian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saber","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3396_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","volume":"30","author":"C Eldin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eldin C, Melenotte C, Mediannikov O, Ghigo E, Million M, Edouard S, Mege J-L, Maurin M, Raoult D. From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(1):115\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3396_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.07.011","volume":"181","author":"R Van den Brom","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van den Brom R, Van Engelen E, Roest H, Van der Hoek W, Vellema P. Coxiella burnetii infections in sheep or goats: an opinionated review. Vet Microbiol. 2015;181(1\u20132):119\u201329.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3396_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e181580","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1580","volume":"1","author":"C Melenotte","year":"2018","unstructured":"Melenotte C, Protopopescu C, Million M, Edouard S, Carrieri MP, Eldin C, Angelakis E, Djossou F, Bardin N, Fournier P-E. Clinical features and complications of Coxiella burnetii infections from the French National Reference Center for Q fever. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(4):e181580\u2013e181580.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3396_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.04.024","volume":"71","author":"M Million","year":"2015","unstructured":"Million M, Raoult D. Recent advances in the study of Q fever epidemiology, diagnosis and management. J Infect. 2015;71:S2\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"3396_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","volume":"30","author":"C Eldin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eldin C, M\u00e9lenotte C, Mediannikov O, Ghigo E, Million M, Edouard S, Mege J-L, Maurin M, Raoult D. From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(1):115\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"3396_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248418","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/248418","volume":"2011","author":"SR Porter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Porter SR, Czaplicki G, Mainil J, Guatt\u00e9o R, Saegerman C. Q fever: current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis. Int J Microbiol. 2011;2011:248418.","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3396_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","volume":"12","author":"M Maurin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Maurin M. Raoult Df: Q fever. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(4):518\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"3396_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005521","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005521","volume":"11","author":"AM Mobarez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mobarez AM, Amiri FB, Esmaeili S. Seroprevalence of Q fever among human and animal in Iran; A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(4):e0005521.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"3396_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01807-3","volume":"51","author":"S Esmaeili","year":"2019","unstructured":"Esmaeili S, Mobarez AM, Khalili M, Mostafavi E, Moradnejad P. Molecular prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in milk in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tropical Animal Health Prod. 2019;51(6):1345\u201355.","journal-title":"Tropical Animal Health Prod"},{"issue":"1","key":"3396_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51600-3","volume":"9","author":"P Moradnejad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moradnejad P, Esmaeili S, Maleki M, Sadeghpour A, Kamali M, Rohani M, Ghasemi A, Amiri FB, Pasha HR, Boudagh S, et al. Q fever endocarditis in iran. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"3396_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2014.12.004","volume":"8","author":"F Yaghmaie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yaghmaie F, Esmaeili S, Francis SA, Mostafavi E. Q fever endocarditis in Iran: A case report. J Infect Public Health. 2015;8(5):498\u2013501.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"3396_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005535","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005535","volume":"11","author":"S Esmaeili","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esmaeili S, Golzar F, Ayubi E, Naghili B, Mostafavi E. Acute Q fever in febrile patients in northwestern of Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(4):e0005535.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"173","key":"3396_CR13","first-page":"100","volume":"29","author":"R Ghasemian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghasemian R, Mostafavi E, Esmaeili S, Arabsheybani S, Davoodi L. Epidemiologic Investigation of Acute Q Fever in North of Iran. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2019;29(173):100\u20136.","journal-title":"J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"3396_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007181","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007181","volume":"13","author":"S Esmaeili","year":"2019","unstructured":"Esmaeili S, Mobarez AM, Khalili M, Mostafavi E, Moradnejad P. Genetic evidence of Coxiella burnetii infection in acute febrile illnesses in Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(2):e0007181.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"3396_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475515624855","volume":"46","author":"M Khalili","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khalili M, Reza Naderi H, Salehnia N, Abiri Z. Detection of Coxiella burnetii in acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses (AUFIs) in Iran. Trop Doct. 2016;46(4):221\u20134.","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"issue":"1","key":"3396_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1379","volume":"14","author":"S Esmaeili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Esmaeili S, Pourhossein B, Gouya MM, Amiri FB, Mostafavi E. Seroepidemiological survey of Q fever and brucellosis in Kurdistan Province, western Iran. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases. 2014;14(1):41\u20135.","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"3396_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","volume":"30","author":"C Eldin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eldin C, M\u00e9lenotte C, Mediannikov O, Ghigo E, Million M, Edouard S, Mege J-L, Maurin M, Raoult DJCmr. From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(1):115\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"3396_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurin, M. and Raoult, D. Q fever. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(4):518\u201353.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518"},{"issue":"7","key":"3396_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1086\/528866","volume":"46","author":"DJ Faix","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faix DJ, Harrison DJ, Riddle MS, Vaughn AF, Yingst SL, Earhart K, Thibault GJCID. Outbreak of Q fever among US military in western Iraq, June\u2013July 2005. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(7):e65\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"3396_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-0885-3","volume":"29","author":"A Gozalan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gozalan A, Rolain J, Ertek M, Angelakis E, Coplu N, Basbulut E, Korhasan B, Esen B. Seroprevalence of Q fever in a district located in the west Black Sea region of Turkey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29(4):465\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"3396_CR21","first-page":"527","volume":"31","author":"S Kilic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kilic S, Yilmaz GR, Komiya T, Kurtoglu Y. Karakoc EAJNM: Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies in blood donors in Ankara. Central Anatolia, Turkey. 2008;31(4):527\u201334.","journal-title":"Central Anatolia, Turkey"},{"issue":"5","key":"3396_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.146.5.131","volume":"146","author":"B Cetinkaya","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cetinkaya B, Kalender H, Ertas H, Muz A, Arslan N, Ongor H, Gurcay M. Seroprevalence of coxiellosis in cattle, sheep and people in the east of Turkey. Vet Rec. 2000;146(5):131\u20136.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"4","key":"3396_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2019-0070","volume":"63","author":"MS Karagul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karagul MS, Malal ME, Akar K. Seroprevalence of Q fever in sheep and goats from the Marmara region, Turkey. J Vet Res. 2019;63(4):527.","journal-title":"J Vet Res"},{"key":"3396_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.01.015","volume":"63","author":"S Esmaeili","year":"2019","unstructured":"Esmaeili S, Mobarez AM, Khalili M, Mostafavi E. High prevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii in milk of dairy animals with a history of abortion in Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;63:127\u201330.","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"3396_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0250116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250116","volume":"16","author":"A MohabatiMobarez","year":"2021","unstructured":"MohabatiMobarez A, Khalili M, Mostafavi E, Esmaeili S. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii infection in aborted samples of domestic ruminants in Iran. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0250116.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"3396_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0307.12687","volume":"73","author":"E Ahmadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmadi E. Potential public health risk due to consumption of contaminated bovine milk with aflatoxin M1 and Coxiella burnetii in the West of Iran. Int J Dairy Technol. 2020;73(3):479\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Dairy Technol"},{"key":"3396_CR27","unstructured":"Ghasemian R, Mostafavi E, Esmaeili S, Arabsheybani S, Davoodi LJJoMUoMS: Epidemiologic Investigation of Acute Q Fever in North of Iran. 2019, 29(173):100-106."},{"issue":"4","key":"3396_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005535","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005535","volume":"11","author":"S Esmaeili","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esmaeili S, Golzar F, Ayubi E, Naghili B, Mostafavi E. Acute Q fever in febrile patients in northwestern of Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(4):e0005535.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3396_CR29","first-page":"506","volume":"33","author":"SRN Fard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fard SRN, Ghashghaei O, Khalili M, Sharifi H. Tick diversity and detection of Coxiella burnetii in tick of small ruminants using nested Trans PCR in Southeast Iran. Trop Biomed. 2016;33(3):506\u201311.","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"3396_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1601-83","volume":"41","author":"O Ghashghaei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghashghaei O, Fard SRN, Khalili M, Sharifi H. A survey of ixodid ticks feeding on cattle and molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii from ticks in Southeast Iran. Turkish J Vet Animal Sci. 2017;41(1):46\u201350.","journal-title":"Turkish J Vet Animal Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3396_CR31","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"SN Fard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fard SN, Khalili M. PCR-detection of Coxiella burnetii in ticks collected from sheep and goats in southeast Iran. Iranian J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 2011;5(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Iranian J Arthropod-Borne Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3396_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.52547\/nbr.7.3.315","volume":"7","author":"B Esmaeilnejad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Esmaeilnejad B, Gharekhani J, Samiei A, Rezaei H. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in ticks isolated from goats of Meshkin-Shahr County, Ardabil Province, Iran. Nova Biologica Reperta. 2020;7(3):315\u201321.","journal-title":"Nova Biologica Reperta"},{"key":"3396_CR33","unstructured":"Walker AR, et al. Ticks of domestic animals in Africa: a guide to identification of species: Bioscience Reports Edinburgh; 2003.\u00a0http:\/\/www.alanrwalker.com\/assets\/PDF\/tickguide-africa.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"3396_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-019-00344-w","volume":"77","author":"D Kiewra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kiewra D, Czu\u0142owska A, Dyczko D, Zieli\u0144ski R, Plewa-Tutaj K. First record of Haemaphysalis concinna (Acari: Ixodidae) in Lower Silesia, SW Poland. Experimental Applied Acarol. 2019;77(3):449\u201354.","journal-title":"Experimental Applied Acarol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3396_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00454-09","volume":"17","author":"PM Schneeberger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schneeberger PM, Hermans MH, van Hannen EJ, Schellekens JJ, Leenders AC, Wever PC. Real-time PCR with serum samples is indispensable for early diagnosis of acute Q fever. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2010;17(2):286.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03396-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03396-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03396-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1659010110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03396-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03396-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Pasteur Institute of Iran (No. IR.PII.REC.1398.05) and Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran. All methods and instructions were performed under institutional guidelines and regulations and were reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines () for the reporting of animal experiments. Farmers permitted (with informed consent) their animal samples to be included in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"292"}}