{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:37:01Z","timestamp":1787020621028,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009088","name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heterotopic gastric mucosa has been scarcely reported in the veterinary literature. Its presence can be asymptomatic or associated with various clinical signs ranging from apathy, vomiting, to abdominal pain. This report illustrates the presence of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the jejunum of an adult dog. It is the first to describe severe anemia, requiring acute blood transfusion, following intestinal hemorrhage caused by heterotopic gastric mucosa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A twelve-year-old, intact male Maltese dog was presented with a history of apathy, vomiting and anemia. The dog was on a strict diet for recurrent diarrhea, food intolerance and skin allergy. Clinical examination revealed severe anemic mucous membranes and painful abdominal palpation. Blood examination confirmed severe regenerative anemia. Ultrasonography showed an intestinal neoplasm, gall bladder sludge and non-homogeneous liver parenchyma. Three-view thoracic radiographs failed to show any metastatic lesions or enlarged lymph nodes. After initial stabilization and blood transfusion, a midline exploratory laparotomy was performed. Three different masses were found in the jejunum. Resection and anastomosis of approximately 40\u00a0cm of jejunum was performed, followed by liver and lymph node biopsy and placement of an esophagostomy tube. Two days after surgery the dog started to clinically improve and was discharged from the hospital on the sixth day after surgery. Histopathology revealed the intestinal masses to be heterotopic gastric mucosa associated with intramural cystic distensions, multifocal ulceration and bleeding into the intestinal lumen. Two years after surgery, the dog did not have a recurrence of anemia or gastrointestinal signs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case demonstrates that heterotopic gastric mucosa can be considered one of the differential diagnoses in case of severe anemia due to gastrointestinal hemorrhage and suspected intestinal tumors. Although in most described cases in literature the finding seems to be incidental on necropsy, our report shows that heterotopic gastric mucosa can be the etiology of life-threatening signs. In addition, because no recurrent diarrhea episodes occurred after surgical resection of the ectopic tissue, it is likely that the heterotopic gastric mucosa was the cause of the food intolerance signs in this dog.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03415-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T05:02:56Z","timestamp":1660626176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding caused by jejunal heterotopic gastric mucosa in an adult dog: a rare case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7413-1511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Merca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5613","key":"3415_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5613.267","volume":"3","author":"RA Willis","year":"1968","unstructured":"Willis RA. Some unusual developmental heterotopias. Brit Med J. 1968;3(5613):267.","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"3415_CR2","first-page":"712","volume":"111","author":"H Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang H, Tan Y, Liu D. A rare heterotopic gastric mucosa appearing between the muscularis mucosae and submucosa. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2019;111:712\u20133.","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"issue":"3","key":"3415_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1159\/000508441","volume":"14","author":"EE Tibesar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tibesar EE. Bleeding Gastric Heterotopic Polyp in the Duodenum of a Teenager with Severe Factor VII Deficiency. Case Rep Gastroenterol. 2020;14(3):467\u201371.","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3415_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.03.022","volume":"45","author":"P Daher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daher P, Francis E, Raffoul L, Riachy E. Ectopic gastric mucosa in the cervical esophagus presenting as a recurrent neck abscess: a case report. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45(6):e15\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"3415_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2017.026","volume":"50","author":"KR Ahn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahn KR, Koo JS, Kim HI, Kim JH, Lee JH, Kim SY, et al. Endoscopic Treatment of Jejunal Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa that Caused Recurrent Intussusception. Clin Endosc. 2017;50(6):605\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3415_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5854","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005854","volume":"96","author":"J Cai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cai J, Yu H. Giant polypoid gastric heterotopia in the small intestine in a boy. Medicine. 2017;96(1):e5854.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"3415_CR7","first-page":"4325302","volume":"2016","author":"J Gubatan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gubatan J, Raines N, Khosravi H, Challies TL, Berzin TM. Hemorrhage from Extra-Antral Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia in a Patient with Duodenal Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2016;2016:4325302.","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastrointest Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3415_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gow006","volume":"4","author":"F Iacopini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iacopini F, Gotoda T, Elisei W, Rigato P, Montagnese F, Saito Y, et al. Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the anus and rectum: first case report of endoscopic submucosal dissection and systematic review. Gastroenterol Rep. 2016;4(3):196\u2013205.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"3415_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2010.12.004","volume":"207","author":"T Terada","year":"2011","unstructured":"Terada T. Heterotopic gastric mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract: A histopathologic study of 158 cases. Pathol Res Pract. 2011;207(3):148\u201350.","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"3415_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E423","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1392666","volume":"47","author":"CM Tai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tai CM, Chang IW, Wang HP. Heterotopic gastric mucosa of the ileum. Endoscopy. 2015;47(S 01):E423\u2013E423.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"3415_CR11","first-page":"5791984","volume":"2019","author":"SM Ali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali SM, Ahmed AA, Saaid LAH, Mohamed GMK, Shah AA, Al-Tarakji M, et al. Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa Presenting as Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: An Unusual Case Report. Case Rep Surg. 2019;2019:5791984.","journal-title":"Case Rep Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3415_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-017-1425-x","volume":"11","author":"P Anand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anand P, Singh S, Sarin N. Intussusception caused by heterotopic gastric mucosa in small intestine: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11(1):258.","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"3415_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr2016216949","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-216949","volume":"2016","author":"S Leng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leng S, Ghionzoli M, Caporalini C, Buccoliero AM. Long-term intestinal bleeding in a child: a rare case of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the jejunum. Bmj Case Rep. 2016;2016:bcr2016216949.","journal-title":"Bmj Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"3415_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20182398","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2398","volume":"143","author":"L Lindoso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lindoso L, Ballengee CR, Patel KP, Romero R, Caltharp S, Alazraki AL, et al. Multilocus Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa of Ileum Masquerading as VEOIBD in a Newborn. Pediatrics. 2019;143(4):e20182398.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"3415_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2008.02.072","volume":"43","author":"O Boybeyi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boybeyi O, Karnak I, G\u00fc\u00e7er S, Orhan D, Senocak ME. Common characteristics of jejunal heterotopic gastric tissue in children: a case report with review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43(7):e19-22.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"3415_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339001800303","volume":"18","author":"H Iwata","year":"1990","unstructured":"Iwata H, Arai C, Koike Y, Hirouchi Y, Kobayashi K, Nomura Y, et al. Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa of the Small Intestine in Laboratory Beagle Dogs. Toxicol Pathol. 1990;18(3):373\u20139.","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3415_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589403100225","volume":"31","author":"D Panigrahi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Panigrahi D, Johnson AN, Wosu NJ. Adenocarcinoma Arising from Gastric Heterotopia in the Jejunal Mucosa of a Beagle Dog. Vet Pathol. 1994;31(2):278\u201380.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3415_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587901600408","volume":"16","author":"LM Bishop","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bishop LM, Kelly DF, Gibbs C, Pearson H. Megaloesophagus and Associated Gastric Heterotopia in the Cat. Vet Pathol. 1979;16(4):444\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3415_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.9.968","volume":"32","author":"F Borhan-Manesh","year":"1991","unstructured":"Borhan-Manesh F, Farnum JB. Incidence of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the upper oesophagus. Gut. 1991;32(9):968.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"2","key":"3415_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90336-1","volume":"89","author":"M Jabbari","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jabbari M, Goresky CA, Lough J, Yaffe C, Daly D, Cote C. The inlet patch: Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the upper esophagus - ScienceDirect. Gastroenterology. 1985;89(2):352\u20136.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"3415_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2006.04.005","volume":"41","author":"P Daher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Daher P, Riachy E, Zeidan S, Saad A. Upper airway obstructive symptoms because of ectopic gastric mucosa in a newborn: a case report. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41(8):e7-9.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"3415_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-008-0204-6","volume":"23","author":"PO Kiratli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kiratli PO, Aksoy T, Bozkurt MF, Orhan D. Detection of ectopic gastric mucosa using 99mTc pertechnetate: review of the literature. Ann Nucl Med. 2009;23(2):97\u2013105.","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3415_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gow006","volume":"4","author":"F Iacopini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iacopini F, Gotoda T, Elisei W, Rigato P, Montagnese F, Saito Y, et al. Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the anus and rectum: first case report of endoscopic submucosal dissection and systematic review. Gastroenterol Rep. 2016;4(3):196\u2013205.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"3415_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16292","volume":"35","author":"H Cridge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cridge H, Twedt DC, Marolf AJ, Sharkey LC, Steiner JM. Advances in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(6):2572\u201387.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3415_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00820.x","volume":"51","author":"C Elwood","year":"2010","unstructured":"Elwood C, Devauchelle P, Elliott J, Freiche V, German AJ, Gualtieri M, et al. Emesis in dogs: a review. J Small Anim Pract. 2010;51(1):4\u201322.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"3415_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00783.x","volume":"50","author":"G Hayes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hayes G. Gastrointestinal foreign bodies in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 208 cases. J Small Anim Pract. 2009;50(11):576\u201383.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"3415_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v86i1.1318","volume":"86","author":"TM Smalle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smalle TM, Cahalane AK, K\u00f6ster LS. Gallbladder mucocoele: A review. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2015;86(1):1318.","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"3415_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7000","volume":"56","author":"PM Ward","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ward PM, Brown K, Hammond G, Parkin T, Bouyssou S, Coia M, et al. Cholelithiasis in the Dog: Prevalence, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2020;56(3):152.","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"3415_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15718","volume":"34","author":"A Kuhl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuhl A, Odunayo A, Price J, Hecht S, Marshall K, Steiner J, et al. Comparative analysis of the effect of IV administered acid suppressants on gastric pH in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(2):678\u201383.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3415_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16101","volume":"35","author":"J Stiller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stiller J, Defarges AM, Brisson BA, Bersenas AME, Pomrantz JS, Lang B, et al. Diagnostic evaluation of urea nitrogen\/creatinine ratio in dogs with gastrointestinal bleeding. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(3):1427\u201338.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3415_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00438.x","volume":"49","author":"NJV Klaveren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klaveren NJV, Grinwis GCM, Brocks BAW, Kirpensteijn J. Collapse following gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to a congenital duodenal diverticulum in two littermate boxer pups. J Small Anim Pract. 2008;49(2):103\u20136.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"3415_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.10-0017","volume":"72","author":"N Aita","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aita N, Iso H, Uchida K. Hemangioma of the Ileum in a Dog. J Vet Med Sci. 2010;72(8):1071\u20133.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"3415_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12249","volume":"24","author":"BN Tobleman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tobleman BN, Sinnott VB. Heterotopic gastric mucosa associated with abdominal abscess formation, hypotension, and acute abdominal pain in a puppy. J Vet Emerg Crit Car. 2014;24(6):745\u201350.","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Car"},{"issue":"3","key":"3415_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s100249910036","volume":"3","author":"MP Lambert","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lambert MP, Heller DS, Bethel C. Extensive Gastric Heterotopia of the Small Intestine Resulting in Massive Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Bowel Perforation, and Death: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature. Pediatr Devel Pathol. 1999;3(3):277\u201380.","journal-title":"Pediatr Devel Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3415_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00271.x","volume":"36","author":"CPHJ Maas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maas CPHJ, Haar GT, Gaag IVD, Kirpensteijn J. Reclassification of Small Intestinal and Cecal Smooth Muscle Tumors in 72 Dogs: Clinical, Histologic, and Immunohistochemical Evaluation. Vet Surg. 2007;36(4):302\u201313.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"3415_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.2019-0076","volume":"33","author":"T Saito","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saito T, Nibe K, Chambers JK, Uneyama M, Nakashima K, Ohno K, et al. A histopathological study on spontaneous gastrointestinal epithelial tumors in dogs. J Toxicol Pathol. 2020;33(2):105\u201313.","journal-title":"J Toxicol Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3415_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12384","volume":"16","author":"KM Couto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Couto KM, Moore PF, Zwingenberger AL, Willcox JL, Skorupski KA. Clinical characteristics and outcome in dogs with small cell T-cell intestinal lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol. 2018;16(3):337\u201343.","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3415_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12959","volume":"60","author":"JM Craig","year":"2019","unstructured":"Craig JM. Food intolerance in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2019;60(2):77\u201385.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"3415_CR39","first-page":"712","volume":"43","author":"JC Cooper","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cooper JC. An endodermal cyst: the result of a congenital intestinal malformation. Can Vet J La Revue V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Can. 2002;43(9):712\u20134.","journal-title":"Can Vet J La Revue V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Can"},{"issue":"4","key":"3415_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16153","volume":"35","author":"J Stiller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stiller J, Defarges AM, Brisson BA, Bersenas AME, Pearl DL. Feasibility, complications, and quality of visualization using video capsule endoscopy in 40 dogs with overt or questionable gastrointestinal bleeding. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(4):1743\u201353.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"3415_CR41","unstructured":"L.W. A, F.M. M, L.S. H, J. B. Intestinal diverticular malformations in dogs and cats. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian [Internet] 1992;45(3):426\u201333. Available from: https:\/\/inis.iaea.org\/search\/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=45092736"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03415-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03415-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03415-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T15:45:36Z","timestamp":1700927136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03415-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03415-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The dog owner provided written consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"315"}}