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Growth of the causative agent is supported by development of an anaerobic environment within the liver. In dogs,<jats:italic>C. novyi<\/jats:italic>is rare and has only been previously reported as a post-mortem diagnosis. In one case, infection was secondary to metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma and the other was presumptively diagnosed on histopathology of a hepatic lesion in a dog initially presented for acute collapse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title><jats:p>An 8-year-old spayed, female mixed breed dog was presented for acute onset of hyporexia and vomiting. Serum biochemistry revealed elevated hepatocellular injury and cholestatic liver enzymes. Ultrasound revealed peritoneal fluid accumulation and multiple hepatic masses. Cytologic examination of liver aspirates and peritoneal fluid revealed frequent 4\u2009\u00d7\u20091\u00a0\u03bcm bacilli with a terminal endospore. Anaerobic bacterial growth isolated from the fluid sample could not be identified using typical laboratory identification techniques. Long-read, whole genome sequencing was performed, and the organism was identified as<jats:italic>Clostridium novyi<\/jats:italic>type B. Antimicrobial and hepatic support treatment were initiated. The patient re-presented 27\u00a0days later, and the follow up liver aspirate with cytology revealed no appreciable bacteria and anaerobic culture was negative. The patient was presented four months later and a large hepatic mass and peritoneal fluid were again identified on abdominal ultrasound. Cytologic examination of the peritoneal fluid revealed bacilli similar to those identified on initial presentation. The patient was euthanized. The most significant finding on necropsy was necrotizing hepatitis with intralesional endospore-forming bacilli compatible with recurrence of<jats:italic>Clostridium novyi<\/jats:italic>type B. There was no identifiable cause of an anaerobic insult to the liver.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This case demonstrates the diagnostic utility of using cytology as part of the initial diagnostic work up for infectious hepatitis. The cytologic findings coupled with whole genome sequencing and anaerobic culture were crucial for the identification and classification of the organism identified on fine needle aspirate.<jats:italic>Clostridium novyi<\/jats:italic>type B should be considered when bacilli organisms containing a terminal endospore are identified on liver aspirates collected from canine patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03436-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T05:02:38Z","timestamp":1664946158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Necrotizing hepatitis caused by Clostridium novyi type B in a dog with no predisposing liver lesions: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4258-7463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brie","family":"Trusiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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The dog in this study was examined and treated with the written consent of the owner.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The owner signed an informed consent form including authorization to publish data arising from the patient\u2019s medical record provided the animal was not identified.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"366"}}