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This study aims to examine the effects of a synbiotic combination comprising <jats:italic>Bacillus licheniformis<\/jats:italic> DSM 17236 and <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic> cell wall extract on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in Sprague Dawley rats.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Acute colitis was induced in rats by oral administration of DSS 3.5% for 7 days. Fifty rats were divided equally into five groups; one control group and the other groups were induced with colitis and treated with or without the tested synbiotic, mixed with diet, for 28\u2009days and sulfasalazine (100\u2009mg\/kg) via intragastric tube once daily for 14\u2009days.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Symptomatically, the synbiotic administration raised the disease activity index (DAI) to comparable scores of the DSS group, specially from the 2nd to 7th days post DSS intoxication. It also induced a significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) amplification of WBCs, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) expression and proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u03b1), interferon gamma (INF\u03b3), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) while depressed the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) when compared with the DSS and control groups. The DSS intoxicated and Synbiotic+DSS groups showed desquamations of the covering epithelium, noticeable diffuse leukocytic infiltrations, sever catarrhal enteritis, ischemic colitis with diffuse coagulative necrosis of the entire colonic mucosa. Contrarily, sulfasalazine proved to be effective in the reduction of the tested inflammatory markers and the pathological degenerative changes of the DSS ulcerative colitis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The examined synbiotic did not ameliorate but aggravated the DSS-induced colitis, so it should be subjected to intensive experimental and clinical testing before their use in animals and human.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03479-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T05:02:37Z","timestamp":1668574957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The synbiotic mixture of Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract aggravates dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis in rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Gamal A.","family":"Salem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amany Abdel-Rahman","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wael A. 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The study has been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Zagazig University, Egypt (ZU-IACUC), and Approval number (ZU-IACUC\/2\/F\/31\/2022) and all methods are reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines\u201d.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"405"}}