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Intravaginal or intrauterine treatments were carried out 12\u00a0h after GnRH was administered. Animals served as their controls, using a cross-over design with an interval of 14 days between experiments. The experimental animals were allocated to receive the following treatments: natural mating (N), intrauterine artificial insemination (A), intravaginal deposition (vaginal fundus) of 6 mL raw semen (R) or 6 mL seminal plasma (S), and compared to their controls [control 1: 6 mL placebo (P: physiological saline); control 2: no treatment (C)). Corresponding time intervals were chosen for the untreated control oestrus. Blood flow volume (BFV) in the uterine (u) and vaginal (v) arteries ipsilateral to the ovary bearing the preovulatory follicle was determined using transrectal Doppler sonography.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All animals exhibited oestrus and ovulated between 30 and 36\u00a0h after GnRH. Transient increases (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in vaginal blood flow occurred between 3 and 12\u00a0h following mating as well as 3 to 9\u00a0h after deposition of raw semen and seminal plasma, respectively. The most distinct increases (199%) in vBFV occurred 6\u00a0h after mating compared to values immediately before mating (=\u2009time 0\u00a0h). Neither AI nor deposition of a placebo into the vagina affected vBFV (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Only mating and deposition of either raw semen, seminal plasma or AI increased uBFV (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.003). The greatest rise in uBFV occurred after natural mating. Maximum uBFV values were detected 9\u00a0h after mating when values were 79% greater (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) than at 0\u00a0h.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The natural mating, deposition of raw semen or seminal plasma and conventional AI affect vaginal and\/or uterine blood flow to different degrees. The factors responsible for these alterations in blood flow and their effects on fertility remain to be clarified in future studies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-03919-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T08:02:25Z","timestamp":1719388945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of natural mating, artificial insemination and intravaginal deposition of raw semen or seminal plasma on vaginal and uterine blood flow in German Holstein cows"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-7756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A","family":"Elmetwally","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Meinecke-Tillmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Bollwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"3919_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(98)00094-6","volume":"49","author":"H Bollwein","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bollwein H, Maierl J, Mayer R, Stolla R. 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All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"277"}}