{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T15:42:39Z","timestamp":1771861359285,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> causes lifelong infection in most definitive and intermediate hosts. Clinical cases of toxoplasmosis in captive cheetahs have been reported. However, there are few reports of viable <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> strains isolated from cheetahs. Here, <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection was investigated using molecular and serological assays in cheetahs from China. Modified agglutination test (MAT) (cut-off: 1:25) indicated that all six examined cheetahs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096) showed <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> antibodies. <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> DNA was detected in three out of five cheetahs. Two viable <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> strains were isolated from the striated muscles of two cheetahs using mice bioassay. They were designated as TgCheetahCHn1 and TgCheetahCHn2. Genetic characterization of DNA derived from tachyzoites was performed using RFLP-PCR of 10 markers. <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> TgCheetahCHn1 is ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype #319, and the alleles of ROP18\/ROP5 types were 3\/7. TgCheetahCHn2 is ToxoDB genotype #9, and the alleles of ROP18\/ROP5 were 3\/6. The average survival time of TgCheetahCHn1-infected Swiss mice was 22\u2009\u00b1\u20091 days (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200923), and the mice did not have detectable <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>-specific antibodies until 117\u2009\u00b1\u200930 days post-inoculation (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098), therefore, TgCheetahCHn1 had intermediate virulence. TgCheetahCHn2 was avirulent for Swiss mice. Few brain tissue cysts (0\u201350) were observed in the mice inoculated with TgCheetahCHn1 or TgCheetahCHn2. The results provide direct evidence of cheetah as intermediate host of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-03928-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T03:02:33Z","timestamp":1708743753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Direct evidence of cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) as intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii through isolation of viable strains"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Niuping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongjie","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liulu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaohui","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junbao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8971-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yurong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3928_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109145","volume":"283","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Cerqueira-C\u00e9zar CK, Murata FHA, et al. All about toxoplasmosis in cats: the last decade. Vet Parasitol. 2020;283:109145.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"3928_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchiondo AA, Duszynski DW, Maupin GO. Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in wild and domestic animals of New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado. J Wildl Dis. 1976;12:226\u201332.","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-12.2.226"},{"key":"3928_CR3","unstructured":"Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans, 3rd ed.; CRC: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2022; pp. 1\u2013542."},{"key":"3928_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.005","volume":"126","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis \u2013 a waterborne zoonosis. Vet Parasitol. 2004;126:57\u201372.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"3928_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakamoto CAM, da Costa AJ, Gennari SM, et al. Experimental infection of pregnant queens with two major Brazilian clonal lineages of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Res. 2009;105:1311\u20136.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1558-y"},{"key":"3928_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Durant SM, Groom R, Ipavec A et al. Acinonyx jubatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T219A124366642. [Internet]. IUCN Red List Threat. Species. 2022 [cited 2023 Feb 8]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T219A124366642.en.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T219A124366642.en"},{"key":"3928_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.05.013","volume":"172","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Pas A, Rajendran C, et al. Toxoplasmosis in Sand cats (Felis margarita) and other animals in the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife in the United Arab Emirates and Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation, the state of Qatar. 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Parasitol Int. 2022;89:102593.","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-03928-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-024-03928-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-03928-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T03:02:45Z","timestamp":1708743765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-024-03928-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-024-03928-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 May 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Use Protocol Committee of Henan Agricultural University, China. The protocol was approved by the Beijing Association for Science and Technology (Approval SYXK [Beijing] 2007-0023). All cheetah tissues and serum, and mice were handled in strict accordance with the good animal practices of the Animal Ethics Procedures, Recycle-Reduce-Reuse Principle, and Guidelines of the People\u2019s Republic of China. The cheetah samples collection was obtained permission from zoos.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"71"}}