{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T20:08:48Z","timestamp":1789330128036,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Growing antibiotic resistance has made treating otitis externa (OE) increasingly challenging. On the other hand, local antimicrobial treatments, especially those that combine essential oils (EOs) with nanoparticles, tend to be preferred over systemic ones. It was investigated whether Ajwain (<jats:italic>Trachyspermum ammi<\/jats:italic>) EO, combined with chitosan nanoparticles modified by cholesterol, could inhibit the growth of bacterial pathogens isolated from OE cases in dogs. In total, 57 dogs with clinical signs of OE were examined and bacteriologically tested. Hydrogels of Chitosan were synthesized by self-assembly and investigated. EO was extracted (Clevenger machine), and its ingredients were checked (GC-MS analysis) and encapsulated in chitosan-cholesterol nanoparticles. Disc-diffusion and broth Micro-dilution (MIC and MBC) examined its antimicrobial and therapeutic properties.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic> (49.3%) was the most common bacteria isolated from OE cases, followed by <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> (14.7%), <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (13.3%), <jats:italic>Streptococcus canis<\/jats:italic> (9.3%), <jats:italic>Corynebacterium auriscanis<\/jats:italic> (6.7%), <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (2.7%), <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic> (2.7%), and <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic> (1.3%). The investigation into the antimicrobial properties of Ajwain EO encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles revealed that it exhibited a more pronounced antimicrobial effect against the pathogens responsible for OE.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using chitosan nanoparticles encapsulated with EO presents an effective treatment approach for dogs with OE that conventional antimicrobial treatments have not cured. This approach not only enhances antibacterial effects but also reduces the required dosage of antimicrobials, potentially preventing the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-03971-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T12:02:16Z","timestamp":1711972936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Antibacterial effects of chitosan-based hydrogels containing Trachyspermum ammi essential oil on pathogens isolated from dogs with otitis externa"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Niloofar Jelokhani","family":"Niaraki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Jamshidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2373-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahar Nayeri","family":"Fasaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mehdi","family":"Joghataei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3971_CR1","first-page":"324","volume":"2","author":"S Goyal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goyal S, Chaturvedi V, Dhingra G, Tanwar S, Sharma K, Singh S. 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Verbal informed consent was obtained from all owners to collect samples from the dogs. The ethics committee approved verbal informed consent. The researchers dated and signed the consent form indicating that \u201cI have read and explained this consent form to the participant before receiving the participant\u2019s consent, and the participant had knowledge of its contents and understood it.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"130"}}