{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T06:00:33Z","timestamp":1788328833165,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stiftung Tier\u00e4rztliche Hochschule Hannover (TIHO)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To determine whether sensory nerve conduction stimulus threshold measurements of the infraorbital nerve are able to differentiate horses with idiopathic trigeminal-mediated headshaking (i-TMHS) from healthy horses and from horses with secondary trigeminal-mediated headshaking (s-TMHS). In a prospective trial, headshaking horses were examined using a standardized diagnostic protocol, including advanced diagnostics such as computed tomography and 3-Tesla-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to differentiate s-TMHS from i-TMHS. Clinically healthy horses served as controls. Within this process, patients underwent general anesthesia, and the minimal sensory nerve conduction stimulus threshold (SNCT) of the infraorbital nerve was measured using a bipolar concentric needle electrode. Sensory nerve action potentials (SNAP) were assessed in 2.5\u20135\u00a0mA intervals. Minimal SNCT as well as additional measurements were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In 60 horses, SNAP could be recorded, of which 43 horses had i-TMHS, six had suspected s-TMHS, three horses had non-facial headshaking, and eight healthy horses served as controls. Controls had a minimal SNCT\u2009\u2265\u200915\u00a0mA, whereas 14\/43 horses with i-TMHS and 2\/6 horses with s-TMHS showed a minimal SNCT\u2009\u2264\u200910\u00a0mA. Minimal SNCT\u2009\u2264\u200910\u00a0mA showed 100% specificity to distinguish TMHS from controls, but the sensitivity was only 41%.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A minimal SNCT of the infraorbital nerve\u2009\u2264\u200910\u00a0mA was able to differentiate healthy horses from horses with TMHS. Nevertheless, a higher minimal SNCT did not exclude i-TMHS or s-TMHS and minimal SNCT does not distinguish s-TMHS from i-TMHS.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04068-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T02:01:53Z","timestamp":1715824913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sensory nerve conduction stimulus threshold measurements of the infraorbital nerve and its applicability as a diagnostic tool in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jasmin Nicole","family":"Nessler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Delarocque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Kloock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Twele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Neudeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Meyerhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Riese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica-M. V.","family":"Cavalleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tipold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Feige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Niebuhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4068_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.03.031","volume":"201","author":"K Pickles","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pickles K, Madigan J, Aleman M. Idiopathic headshaking: is it still idiopathic? Vet J. 2014;201(1):21\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.03.031.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4068_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.334","volume":"219","author":"JE Madigan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Madigan JE, Bell SA. Owner survey of headshaking in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;219(3):334\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.2001.219.334.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"4068_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Madigan JE, Bell SA. Characterisation of headshaking syndrome\u201331 cases. Equine Vet J Suppl. 1998;2728\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb05141.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb05141.x"},{"key":"4068_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furr M, Reed S, Aleman M, Pickles K. Headshaking. In Equine Neurology (eds M. Furr and S. Reed), 2nd edtion, 2015. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118993712"},{"issue":"2","key":"4068_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13174","volume":"52","author":"VLH Roberts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roberts VLH, Bailey M, Equipens\u2122 group, Patel NK. The safety and efficacy of neuromodulation using percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the management of trigeminal-mediated headshaking in 168 horses. Equine Vet J. 2020;52(2):238\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evj.13174.","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"4","key":"4068_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01424.x","volume":"19","author":"JG Lane","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lane JG, Mair TS. Observations on headshaking in the horse. Equine Vet J. 1987;19(4):331\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01424.x.","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4068_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2746\/042516400776563617","volume":"32","author":"SA Newton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Newton SA, Knottenbelt DC, Eldridge PR. Headshaking in horses: possible aetiopathogenesis suggested by the results of diagnostic tests and several treatment regimes used in 20 cases. Equine Vet J. 2000;32(3):208\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2746\/042516400776563617.","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"4068_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aleman M, Williams DC, Brosnan RJ, Nieto JE, Pickles KJ, Berger J, Lecouteur RA, Holliday TA, Madigan JE. Sensory nerve conduction and somatosensory evoked potentials of the trigeminal nerve in horses with idiopathic headshaking. J Vet Intern Med. 2013 Nov-Dec;27(6):1571\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.12191.","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12191"},{"key":"4068_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aleman M, Rhodes D, Williams DC, Guedes A, Madigan JE. Sensory evoked potentials of the trigeminal nerve for the diagnosis of idiopathic headshaking in a horse. J Vet Intern Med. 2014 Jan-Feb;28(1):250\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.12237.","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12237"},{"key":"4068_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00072","volume":"4","author":"VL Roberts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roberts VL, Fews D, McNamara JM, Love S. Trigeminal nerve Root Demyelination not seen in six horses diagnosed with trigeminal-mediated headshaking. Front Vet Sci. 2017;4:72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2017.00072.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"4068_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/VMRR.S163805","volume":"10","author":"V Roberts","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roberts V. Trigeminal-mediated headshaking in horses: prevalence, impact, and management strategies. Vet Med (Auckl). 2019;10:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/VMRR.S163805.","journal-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4068_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15410","volume":"33","author":"SA Sheldon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheldon SA, Aleman M, Costa LRR, Santoyo AC, Howey Q, Madigan JE. Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate and its effect on horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(2):923\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15410.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4068_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15499","volume":"33","author":"SA Sheldon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheldon SA, Aleman M, Costa LRR, Weich K, Howey Q, Madigan JE. Effects of magnesium with or without boron on headshaking behavior in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(3):1464\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15499.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4068_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00618.x","volume":"45","author":"WA Talbot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Talbot WA, Pinchbeck GL, Knottenbelt DC, Graham H, McKane SA. A randomised, blinded, crossover study to assess the efficacy of a feed supplement in alleviating the clinical signs of headshaking in 32 horses. Equine Vet J. 2013;45(3):293\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00618.x.","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"4068_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haskins SC. Monitoring anesthetized patients. In: Lumb and Jones, editors. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The Fifth Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, 2015; pp. 86\u2013113.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421375.ch4"},{"issue":"1","key":"4068_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/s0195-5616(03)00079-2","volume":"32","author":"PA Cuddon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cuddon PA. Electrophysiology in neuromuscular disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2002;32(1):31\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0195-5616(03)00079-2.","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"17","key":"4068_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19558","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019558","volume":"99","author":"B Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao B, Diao HM, Wen QX, Sui KX, Zhang YQ. Inter-practitioner comparisons of nerve conduction studies with standardized techniques in normal subjects: reap as you sow. Med (Baltim). 2020;99(17):e19558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000019558.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"6","key":"4068_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12147.x","volume":"43","author":"WF Gilsenan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gilsenan WF, Getman LM, Parente EJ, Johnson AL. Headshaking in 5 horses after paranasal sinus surgery. Vet Surg. 2014;43(6):678\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12147.x.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"4068_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135531","volume":"32","author":"M Costigan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Costigan M, Scholz J, Woolf CJ. Neuropathic pain: a maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2009;32:1\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135531.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4068_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666191010094350","volume":"18","author":"EI Araya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Araya EI, Claudino RF, Piovesan EJ, Chichorro JG. Trigeminal neuralgia: Basic and clinical aspects. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18(2):109\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159X17666191010094350.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"17","key":"4068_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199604253341701","volume":"334","author":"FG Barker","year":"1996","unstructured":"Barker FG 2nd, Jannetta PJ, Bissonette DJ, Larkins \u00b5V, Jho HD. The long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(17):1077\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199604253341701.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04068-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04068-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04068-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T02:02:19Z","timestamp":1715824939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04068-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04068-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All research and animal care procedures were approved (federal permission animal experiment number 33.14-42502-04-13\/1235) by the Review Board for the Care of Animal Subjects of the district government (LAVES, Lower Saxony, Germany) and performed according to international guidelines on the use of laboratory animals. The study was reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines. All examinations were carried out with informed written owners\u2019 consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"201"}}