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Real-time PCR was conducted to analyze the differential expression of genes between different groups of bovine endometrial epithelial cells. Western blot was performed to detect Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) expression after treatment with Trp or kynurenine (the main metabolites of Trp). The kynurenine assay was used to examine if Trp or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can increase the production of kynurenine in the bovine endometrial epithelial cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Trp significantly stimulates insulin growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) expression, a common endometrial marker of conceptus elongation and uterus receptivity for ruminants. When bovine endometrial epithelial cells are treated with Trp, tryptophan hydroxylase-1 remains unchanged, but tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (TDO2) is significantly increased, suggesting tryptophan is mainly metabolized through the kynurenine pathway. Kynurenine significantly stimulates\n                      <jats:italic>IGFBP1<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression. Furthermore, Trp and kynurenine significantly increase the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (\n                      <jats:italic>AHR<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). CH223191, an AHR inhibitor, abrogates the induction of Trp and kynurenine on\n                      <jats:italic>IGFBP1<\/jats:italic>\n                      . PGE2 significantly induces the expression of\n                      <jats:italic>TDO2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>AHR<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>IGFBP1<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The regulation between Trp \/ kynurenine and PGE2 may be crucial for the receptivity of the bovine uterus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04191-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T23:35:13Z","timestamp":1725406513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tryptophan regulates the expression of IGFBP1 in bovine endometrial epithelial cells in vitro via the TDO2-AHR pathway"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Peng-Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze-Kun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Rong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian-Wen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Min","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Ting","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenshan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"4191_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2008.01171.x","volume":"43","author":"M Diskin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Diskin M, Morris D. 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We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"390"}}