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In this study, Nile tilapia fingerlings (\n                    <jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) weighing an average of 20.00\u2009\u00b1\u20091.26\u00a0g were divided into nine groups (in three replicates). Each group was subjected to different water temperatures (26\u00a0\u00b0C, 28\u00a0\u00b0C, and 30\u00a0\u00b0C) and received one of three dietary protein levels (20%, 25%, and 30%) for two months. Our findings indicate that higher temperatures, particularly at 30\u00a0\u00b0C, increased water electrical conductivity and total dissolved salts, especially noticeable in fish fed 25% or 30% crude protein (CP). Lower total ammonia nitrogen levels were observed at 28\u00a0\u00b0C with 25% CP, 30\u00a0\u00b0C with 30% CP, and 26\u00a0\u00b0C with 30% CP. Hepatic growth hormone receptor 1 and insulin-like growth factor 1 expression gradually rose with higher dietary CP percentages in fish at 26\u00a0\u00b0C but declined in those at 30\u00a0\u00b0C, albeit remaining higher than in the 28\u00a0\u00b0C groups with 25% CP. Fish at 28\u00a0\u00b0C showed the best final body weights and growth performance when fed 20% or 25% CP, with no significant difference between these groups. Hepatic leptin expression did not differ significantly among groups, but hepatic fatty acid binding protein expression notably increased in fish fed 30% CP at both 26\u00a0\u00b0C and 30\u00a0\u00b0C compared to those at 28\u00a0\u00b0C with 25% CP. Within the same temperature group, fish fed 30% CP exhibited higher globulin levels, particularly thriving at 28\u00a0\u00b0C or 30\u00a0\u00b0C. Hepatic mucin-like protein expression significantly increased across all groups, especially in fish at 30\u00a0\u00b0C with 30% CP compared to those at 28\u00a0\u00b0C with 25% CP. Hepatic lysozyme expression also increased notably in fish at 30\u00a0\u00b0C with 30% CP. Notable changes in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase expression were observed, with the highest serum superoxide dismutase and catalase activities recorded in fish at 30\u00a0\u00b0C with 25% CP. Overall, dietary protein levels of 25% and 30%, combined with temperatures of 28\u00a0\u00b0C and 30\u00a0\u00b0C, yielded favorable outcomes, particularly favoring 28\u00a0\u00b0C with 25% protein.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04198-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T03:02:34Z","timestamp":1722999754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Interactive effects of water temperature and dietary protein on Nile tilapia: growth, immunity, and physiological health"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Hamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8083-6876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seham","family":"El-Kassas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4157-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitham G.","family":"Abo-Al-Ela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safaa E.","family":"Abdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha A.","family":"Al Wakeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usama A.","family":"Abou-Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radi A.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4198_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pradeepkiran JA. 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