{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:15:23Z","timestamp":1792131323050,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024747","name":"Desert Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>It was proposed that camels are more effective than other livestock species in selecting plants for their nutritional value. They may self-regulate their voluntary feed intake to satisfy their nutritional needs. This study was designed to investigate camels\u2019 feeding selectivity and ability to cover nutritional requirements when grazing alfalfa (high in protein) and\/ or barley (high in energy) in a desert climate.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Eighteen lactating camels were equally divided into three feeding treatments. They grazed daily on alfalfa, barley, or a mixed pasture of both, for two periods of one month each. The concentrate supplement was individually administered at 40\u00a0g\/kg BW<jats:sup>0.75<\/jats:sup>, divided into two equal parts, in the morning and in afternoon. Total energy expenditure (EE) was estimated by heart rate (HR) monitors for 48\u00a0h after being calibrated by oxygen consumption using an upgraded face mask open-circuit respiratory system.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>During the first period, camels had a greater forage intake and digestibility when they grazed barley rather than alfalfa, while those grazing mixed pasture performed intermediately. In the second period, camels had a similar forage intake and digestibility among treatments due to a decline in barley intake and digestibility compared to the first period, which was expected since the preferred plant part gradually shifted from barley grains to predominantly straw as a function of time. Similar HR and EE were found across periods and treatments. As a result of greater gross and digestible energy intake in period 1, a better energy balance in period 1 was observed compared to period 2. Camels better utilize barley than alfalfa. Grazing on barley had a higher energy balance than grazing alfalfa alone or in combination with barley. However, camels grazing barley produced lower milk yield and energy than those grazing alfalfa alone or in combination with barley, with no interaction detected between period and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Lactating camels are able to self-regulate their voluntary intake to cover their energy requirements when they are grazing barley and\/or alfalfa supplemented with a concentrate supplement at 40\u00a0g\/kg BW<jats:sup>0.75<\/jats:sup>. Grazing barley is better utilized by camels than alfalfa. The chemical and physical properties of plant species play an important role in the selectivity of foraging camels. It also impacts their intake and digestibility, which is negatively associated with the proportion of cell wall content consumed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04199-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T04:02:16Z","timestamp":1723521736000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Grazing camels under semi-extensive production system: selectivity, feed intake capacity, digestion and energy expenditure"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ahmed R.","family":"Askar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Masoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasr E.","family":"El-Bordeny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid Z.","family":"Kewan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etab R. I. Abd","family":"El-Galil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir S. Abou","family":"El Ezz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen M.","family":"Shoukry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4199_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2006.12.010","volume":"110","author":"Z Farah","year":"2007","unstructured":"Farah Z, Mollet M, Younan M, Dahir R. Camel dairy in Somalia: limiting factors and development potential. Livest Sci. 2007;110:187\u201391.","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"4199_CR2","unstructured":"Askar AR, Refaee E, Darwesh R. 2021. Effects of concentrate supplement level on camel-calves growing performance under semi-intensive production system. International Conference for Nature and Natural Resources Conservation- Towards (2030) and beyond, pp: 87."},{"key":"4199_CR3","unstructured":"Farid MFA, Sooud AO, Hassan NI. 1985. Effects of types of diet and protein intake on feed utilization in camels and sheep. Proceedings, Third AAAP Animal Science Congress, Korea, pp. 781\u2013783."},{"key":"4199_CR4","unstructured":"Kamal MA, Ibrahim IM. 2006. Comparative metabolic study between camels and other ruminants. Int. Sci. Conf. on Camels. Agriculture and Vet. Med., Qassim Univ., Saudi Arabia."},{"key":"4199_CR5","first-page":"71","volume":"13","author":"AM Hashi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hashi AM, Kamoun M, Cianci D. Feed requirements of the camel. CIHEAM\u2013Options Mediterranean. 1995;13:71\u201380.","journal-title":"CIHEAM\u2013Options Mediterranean"},{"issue":"11","key":"4199_CR6","first-page":"317","volume":"6","author":"MFA Farid","year":"2010","unstructured":"Farid MFA, Abdel-Wahed AM, Shawket SM, Hassan NI. Diet selection, feed intake capacity and performance of growing female camels: effects of type of roughage and level of concentrates offered. J Am Sci. 2010;6(11):317\u201336.","journal-title":"J Am Sci"},{"key":"4199_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3340405\/v1","author":"AE Rabee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rabee AE, Askar AR. Composition of the rumen archaeal community of growing camels fed different concentrates levels. Int Microbiol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3340405\/v1.","journal-title":"Int Microbiol"},{"key":"4199_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-8401(90)90123-P","volume":"31","author":"TM Rutagwanda","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rutagwanda TM, Lechner HJ, Schullka. W, Von Engelhardt. Dietary preference and degradability of forage on a semi-arid thornbush savannah hay indigenous ruminants, camels and donkeys. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 1990;31:179.","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"4199_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665199001044","volume":"58","author":"I Kyriazakis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kyriazakis I, Tolkamp BJ, Emmans GC. Diet selection and animal state: an integrative framework. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58:765\u201372.","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"4199_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2002.1651","volume":"42","author":"DS Fisher","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fisher DS. A review of a few key factors regulating voluntary feed intake in ruminants. Crop Sci. 2002;42:1651\u20135.","journal-title":"Crop Sci"},{"key":"4199_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2011.07.004","volume":"142","author":"T Bosona","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bosona T, Gebresenbet G, Bulitta FS. Modeling the dynamic response of camels\u2019 heart rate to physical activities. Livest Sci. 2011;142:138\u201346.","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"4199_CR12","unstructured":"Climate-Data.Org., 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2022, from https:\/\/en.climate-data.org\/africa\/egypt\/south-sinai-governorate\/ras-sudr-9248\/."},{"key":"4199_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114695","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2020.114695","volume":"271","author":"AR Askar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Askar AR, Salama R, El-Shaer HM, Raef O. Effects of supplementary feeding level on digestion and energy utilization by sheep and goats grazing arid-area rangelands. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2021;271:114695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2020.114695.","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"4199_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2016.01.015","volume":"185","author":"AR Askar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Askar AR. Effects of long-term restricted feeding on digestion and energy utilization in Balady than Shami goats. Livest Sci. 2016;185:61\u20137.","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"4199_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas90-102","volume":"70","author":"A Nicol","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nicol A, Young BA. Short-term thermal and metabolic responses of sheep to ruminal cooling: effects of level of cooling and physiological state. Can J Anim Sci. 1990;70:833\u201342.","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"key":"4199_CR16","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: Sheep, goats, cervids, and New World camelids","author":"NRC","year":"2007","unstructured":"NRC. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: Sheep, goats, cervids, and New World camelids. Washington, DC: National Academy; 2007."},{"key":"4199_CR17","volume-title":"The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock","author":"ARC","year":"1980","unstructured":"ARC. The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock. Wallingford, UK: CAB International; 1980."},{"key":"4199_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-611","volume":"84","author":"JL Amundson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amundson JL, Mader TL, Rasby RJ, Hu QS. Environmental effects on pregnancy rate in beef cattle. J Anim Sci. 2006;84:3415\u201320.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"4199_CR19","unstructured":"AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th ed. AOAC Gaithersburg, MD, USA."},{"key":"4199_CR20","first-page":"1217","volume":"85","author":"DR Mertens","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mertens DR. Gravimetric determination of amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing beakers or crucibles: collaborative study. J AOAC Int. 2002;85:1217\u201340.","journal-title":"J AOAC Int"},{"key":"4199_CR21","first-page":"123","volume-title":"The analysis of Dietary Fibre in Food","author":"JB Robertson","year":"1981","unstructured":"Robertson JB, Van Soest PJ. The detergent system of analysis. In: James WPT, Theander O, editors. The analysis of Dietary Fibre in Food. NY: Marcel Dekker; 1981. pp. 123\u201358."},{"key":"4199_CR22","volume-title":"SAS Systems for mixed models","author":"RC Littell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Littell RC, Milliken GA, Stroup WW, Wolfinger RD. SAS Systems for mixed models. Cary, NC: SAS Inst. Inc.; 1996."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"4199_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.07.006","volume":"61","author":"RJ Van Saun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Saun RJ. Nutrient requirements of south American camelids: a factorial approach. Small Rumin Res. 2006;61(2\u20133):165\u201386.","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"key":"4199_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5897\/AJAR2016.11947","volume":"12","author":"HA Alkali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alkali HA, Muhammad BF, Njidda AA, Abubakar M, Ghude MI. Relative forage preference by camel (Camelus dromedarius) as influenced by season, sex and age in the Sahel zone of north western Nigeria. Afr J Agric Res. 2017;12:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Afr J Agric Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4199_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859600084653","volume":"113","author":"BG Warmington","year":"1989","unstructured":"Warmington BG, Wilson GF, Barry TN. Voluntary intake and digestion of ryegrass straw by llama x guanaco crossbreds and sheep. J Agric Sci. 1989;113(1):87\u201391.","journal-title":"J Agric Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4199_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1975.411219x","volume":"41","author":"EM Sudweeks","year":"1975","unstructured":"Sudweeks EM, McCullough ME, Sisk LR, Law SE. Effects of concentrate type and level and forage type on chewing time of steers. J Anim Sci. 1975;41(1):219\u201324.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"4199_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(86)80724-X","volume":"69","author":"WH Hoover","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hoover WH. Chemical factors involved in ruminal fiber digestion. J Dairy Sci. 1986;69(10):2755\u201366.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4199_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.35-45","volume":"15","author":"AE Rabee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rabee AE. Effect of barley straw and Egyptian clover hay on the rumen fermentation and structure and fibrolytic activities of rumen bacteria in dromedary camel. Veterinary World. 2022;15(1):35.","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"key":"4199_CR29","unstructured":"Gauthier-Pilters H. The Behaviour of ungulates and its relation to management. IUCN Publications 1974;24:542\u201355."},{"key":"4199_CR30","unstructured":"Gihad FA, El Gallad TT, Sooud AE, Abou HM, Farid MFA. 1988. Feed utilization by camels compared to sheep and goats fed low protein desert-products. CIHEAM. Seminaire sur la digestion, la nutrition et 1\u2019alimentation du dromadaire, Ourgala, February 28\u201329, and March 1, Paris."},{"key":"4199_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2016.10.009","volume":"194","author":"AR Askar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Askar AR, Nassar MS, Badawy HS, Eid EY, Guada JA, Farid MFA. Recovered energy and efficiency of digestion in sheep and goats fed Atriplex nummularia compared to alfalfa hay. Livest Sci. 2016;194:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"4199_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Askar AR, Allam MA, Kewan KZ, Darwesh R, Lamara M, Sabra EA, Rabee AE. Effect of concentrates level on digestibility, ruminal fermentation and bacterial community in growing camels. Animal Biotechnol. 2023;1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10495398.2022.2159424.","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2022.2159424"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"4199_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2005.01.018","volume":"121","author":"M Dereje","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dereje M, Ud\u00e9n P. The browsing dromedary camel: II. Effect of protein and energy supplementation on milk yield. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2005;121(3\u20134):309\u201317.","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"4199_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2332","volume":"88","author":"AL Goetsch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goetsch AL, Gipson TA, Askar AR, Puchala R. Invited review: feeding behavior of goats. J Anim Sci. 2010;88:361\u201373.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"4199_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2010.9707086","volume":"37","author":"A Beker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beker A, Gipson TA, Puchala R, Askar AR, Tesfai K, Detweiler GD, Asmare A, Goetsch AL. Energy expenditure and activity of different types of small ruminants grazing varying pastures in the summer. J Appl Anim Res. 2010;37:1\u201314.","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"4199_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(02)00033-7","volume":"77","author":"A Brosh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brosh A, Aharoni Y, Holzer Z. Energy expenditure estimation from heart rate: validation by long-term energy balance measurement in cows. Livest Prod Sci. 2002;77(2\u20133):287\u201399.","journal-title":"Livest Prod Sci"},{"key":"4199_CR37","first-page":"59","volume":"13","author":"A Guerouali","year":"1995","unstructured":"Guerouali A, Zine-Filali R, Vermorel M, Wardeh M. Maintenance energy requirements and energy utilization by dromedary at rest. Actes du S\u00e9minaire sur l\u2019\u00e9levage et l\u2019alimentation du dromadaire Douz options M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes. S\u00e9rie B. 1995;13:59\u201369.","journal-title":"S\u00e9rie B"},{"key":"4199_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2006.9706578","volume":"29","author":"A Asmare","year":"2006","unstructured":"Asmare A, Puchala R, Merkel RC, Sahlu T, Goetsch AL. Changes in energy expenditure by meat goats with varying levels of feed intake near maintenance and below. J Appl Anim Res. 2006;29:81\u20139.","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res"},{"key":"4199_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-3907","volume":"89","author":"A Helal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Helal A, Puchala R, Detweiler GD, Gipson TA, Sahlu T, Goetsch AL. Effects of restricted feed intake on energy expenditure by different goat breeds. J Anim Sci. 2011;89:4175\u201387.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"4199_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2007.10.005","volume":"75","author":"S El-Meccawi","year":"2008","unstructured":"El-Meccawi S, Kam M, Brosh A, Degen AA. Heat production and energy balance of sheep and goats fed sole diets of Acacia saligna and Medicago sativa. Small Rumin Res. 2008;75:199\u2013203.","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"key":"4199_CR41","first-page":"249","volume":"17","author":"MS Nassar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nassar MS. Effect of roughage quality on energy intake, heat production, and energy and nitrogen balance by small ruminant. Egypt J Nutr Feeds. 2014;17:249\u201359.","journal-title":"Egypt J Nutr Feeds"},{"key":"4199_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1967.212.2.341","volume":"212","author":"K Schmidt-Nielsen","year":"1967","unstructured":"Schmidt-Nielsen K, Crawford EC Jr., Newsome AE, Rawson KS, Hammel HT. Metabolic rate of camels: Effect of body temperature and dehydration. Am J Physiol. 1967;212:341\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"4199_CR43","unstructured":"Farid MFA, El-Shennawy MM, Mehrez AZ, Salem AMM. Protein requirements for maintenance of Barki desert sheep. World Review of Animal Production, 1983;XIX(3):July."},{"key":"4199_CR44","first-page":"88","volume":"11","author":"AR Askar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Askar AR. Effects of feed intake level on digestion and energy utilization in desert sheep and goats. J Am Sci. 2015;11:88\u201396.","journal-title":"J Am Sci"},{"key":"4199_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2009.08.004","volume":"127","author":"A Helal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Helal A, Youssef KM, El-Shaer HM, Gipson TA, Goetsch AL, Askar AR. Effects of acclimatization on energy expenditure by different goat genotypes. Livest Sci. 2010;127:67\u201375.","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"4199_CR46","volume-title":"The Desert Camel: comparative physiology adaptation","author":"R Yagil","year":"1985","unstructured":"Yagil R. The Desert Camel: comparative physiology adaptation. Basel, Karger: Comparative Animal Nutrition; 1985."},{"issue":"1","key":"4199_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1994.1002","volume":"26","author":"RZ Filali","year":"1994","unstructured":"Filali RZ, Guerouali A. Maintenance energy requirements of the one-humped camel. J arid E. 1994;26(1):9\u201313.","journal-title":"J arid E"},{"issue":"2","key":"4199_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(05)80072-2","volume":"30","author":"MFA Farid","year":"1995","unstructured":"Farid MFA. Nutrient requirements of dromedary camels: protein and energy requirements for maintenance. J Arid Environ. 1995;30(2):207\u201318.","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"4199_CR49","unstructured":"Macfarlane Wv, Hafez ESE, Editor.). Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA. 264\u201376."},{"issue":"4","key":"4199_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94363","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094363","volume":"9","author":"MT Dittmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dittmann MT, Runge U, Lang RA, Moser D, Galeffi C, Kreuzer M, Clauss. M. Methane emission by camelids. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(4):e94363.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1\u20135","key":"4199_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.1989.tb00091.x","volume":"61","author":"M Lechner-Doll","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lechner-Doll M, Engelhardt WV. Particle size and passage from the forestomach in camels compared to cattle and sheep fed a similar diet. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 1989;61(1\u20135):120\u20138.","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"4199_CR52","volume-title":"The camel","author":"RT Wilson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wilson RT. The camel. London and New York: Longman; 1984."},{"key":"4199_CR53","unstructured":"Tefera M, Abebe G. Camel in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Veterinary Association; 2012. p. 188."},{"key":"4199_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dahlborn K, Benlamlih S, Zine-Filali R, Gueroulali A, Hossaini-Hilali J, Oukessou M. Food deprivation and refeeding in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 1992;262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/AJPREGU.1992.262.6.R1000.","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPREGU.1992.262.6.R1000"},{"issue":"4","key":"4199_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.2307\/1939831","volume":"67","author":"A Brosh","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brosh A, Shkolnik A, Choshniak I. Metabolic effects of infrequent drinking and low-quality feed on Bedouin goats. Ecology. 1986;67(4):1086\u201390.","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4199_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)31028-0","volume":"16","author":"MFA Farid","year":"1989","unstructured":"Farid MFA, Abou-El Nasr HM, Hassan NI, Swidan FZ. Long-term adaptation of sheep to low protein roughage diets: effects of water deprivation and urea supplementation in the drinking water. J Arid Environ. 1989;16(2):211\u20136.","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"4199_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2011.08.003","volume":"102","author":"A Asmare","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asmare A, Puchala R, Tesfai K, Detweiler GD, Dawson LJ, Askar AR, Sahlu T, Wang Z, Goetsch AL. Effects of small ruminant type and level of intake on metabolism. Small Rumin Res. 2012;102:186\u201390.","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04199-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04199-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04199-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T16:04:34Z","timestamp":1723565074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04199-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04199-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Local Experimental Animal Care and Welfare Committee and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee affiliated with the Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center, Egypt (approval No. 7092020). All protocols were carried out in accordance with the Universal Directive on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes. All protocols follow the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research ().","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"364"}}