{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:00:40Z","timestamp":1793037640398,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005722","name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Goniometry can be performed clinically in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD). The purpose of this study was\u00a0(1) to compare reliability of stifle goniometry in dogs with CCLD and healthy dogs and\u00a0(2) to investigate the effect of compliance on measurements. Dogs presented for surgical intervention for CCLD (CCL-Dogs; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) and orthopedically healthy dogs (C-Dogs; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200911) were enrolled in this prospective randomized controlled trial. In each dog, three observers randomly measured maximum stifle flexion (mSF) and maximum stifle extension (mSE) three times with a standard goniometer with the scale covered, while dog compliance was scored (Scores: C0: excellent - C4: poor). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated for intra-\/interobserver reliability. Effects on measurements were evaluated with mixed-effect models (MEM).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Maximum stifle extension and mSE-compliance were significantly decreased in CCL-Dogs compared to C-Dogs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.004), but mSF and mSF-compliance did not differ between groups. Intraobserver reliability was excellent for all dogs during mSE (ICC:0.75\u20130.99) and mSF (ICC:0.89\u20130.99). Interobserver reliability was excellent for mSF in both groups (ICC: C-Dogs:0.84, CCL-Dogs:0.9) and for mSE in CCL-Dogs (ICC:0.94) but only fair for mSE in C-Dogs (ICC:0.58). Robust MEM showed that the combined average of all mSE measurements of all three observers was affected by compliance in both groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). This effect was not observed for single mSE-measurements by themselves.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results of this study indicate that compliance may affect goniometric stifle extension measurements in healthy and CCLD dogs. In a clinical setting, intra-\/interobserver reliability was excellent for all measurements except for maximum stifle extension in healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04206-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T22:02:44Z","timestamp":1722463364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inter-rater reliability in performing stifle goniometry in normal and cranial cruciate ligament disease affected dogs: a prospective randomized controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Frederik","family":"Volz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes Maximilian","family":"Schmutterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja Stephanie","family":"Vockrodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yury","family":"Zablotski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne Katja","family":"Lauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"4206_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/58.11.1355","volume":"58","author":"DC Boone","year":"1978","unstructured":"Boone DC, Azen SP, Lin CM, Spence C, Baron C, Lee L. Reliability of goniometric measurements. Phys Ther. 1978;58(11):1355\u201360.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"4206_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/67.12.1867","volume":"67","author":"RL Gajdosik","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gajdosik RL, Bohannon RW. Clinical measurement of range of motion. Review of goniometry emphasizing reliability and validity. Phys Ther. 1987;67(12):1867\u201372.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"4206_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13477","volume":"49","author":"GS Sandberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sandberg GS, Torres BT, Budsberg SC. Review of kinematic analysis in dogs. Vet Surg. 2020;49(6):1088\u201398.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"4206_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millis DL, Levine D. Assessing and measuring outcomes. Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy. 2 ed. Elsevier; 2014. pp. 220\u201342.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0309-2.00013-2"},{"issue":"7","key":"4206_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.979","volume":"63","author":"G Jaegger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jaegger G, Marcellin-Little DJ, Levine D. Reliability of goniometry in Labrador Retrievers. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63(7):979\u201386.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"4206_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-16-12-0172","volume":"30","author":"SY Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim SY, Torres BT, Sandberg GS, Budsberg SC. Effect of limb position at the time of skin marker application on sagittal plane kinematics of the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2017;30(6):438\u201343.","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4206_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-10-08-0123","volume":"24","author":"SY Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim SY, Kim JY, Hayashi K, Kapatkin AS. Skin movement during the kinematic analysis of the canine pelvic limb. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2011;24(5):326\u201332.","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"4206_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levine D, Marcellin-Little DJ, Drum M, Englert C. The physical rehabilitation evaluation. Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy. 2 ed: Elsevier; 2014. pp. 211-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0309-2.00012-0"},{"key":"4206_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-29","volume":"55","author":"HK Hyytiainen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hyytiainen HK, Molsa SH, Junnila JT, Laitinen-Vapaavuori OM, Hielm-Bjorkman AK. Ranking of physiotherapeutic evaluation methods as outcome measures of stifle functionality in dogs. Acta Vet Scand. 2013;55:29.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"4206_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez LX, Repac JA, Kirkby Shaw K, Compton N. Systematic review of postoperative rehabilitation interventions after cranial cruciate ligament surgery in dogs. Vet Surg. 2022.","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13755"},{"key":"4206_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0266-8","volume":"10","author":"SH Molsa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Molsa SH, Hyytiainen HK, Hielm-Bjorkman AK, Laitinen-Vapaavuori OM. Long-term functional outcome after surgical repair of cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10:266.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00226.x","volume":"36","author":"AS Jandi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jandi AS, Schulman AJ. Incidence of motion loss of the stifle joint in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture surgically treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy: longitudinal clinical study of 412 cases. Vet Surg. 2007;36(2):114\u201321.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.3.529","volume":"67","author":"ML Monk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Monk ML, Preston CA, McGowan CM. Effects of early intensive postoperative physiotherapy on limb function after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs with deficiency of the cranial cruciate ligament. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67(3):529\u201336.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.4.498","volume":"70","author":"AA Mostafa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mostafa AA, Griffon DJ, Thomas MW, Constable PD. Morphometric characteristics of the pelvic limbs of Labrador retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament deficiency. Am J Vet Res. 2009;70(4):498\u2013507.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"4206_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.11.1528","volume":"242","author":"LM Greene","year":"2013","unstructured":"Greene LM, Marcellin-Little DJ, Lascelles BD. Associations among exercise duration, lameness severity, and hip joint range of motion in Labrador retrievers with hip dysplasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;242(11):1528\u201333.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"16","key":"4206_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.16.545","volume":"160","author":"T Crook","year":"2007","unstructured":"Crook T, McGowan C, Pead M. Effect of passive stretching on the range of motion of osteoarthritic joints in 10 labrador retrievers. Vet Rec. 2007;160(16):545\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"6","key":"4206_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13866","volume":"52","author":"SC Zann GJn, Jones","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zann GJn, Jones SC, Selmic LS, Tinga S, Wanstrath AW, Howard J, et al. Long-term outcome of dogs treated by surgical debridement of proximal humeral osteochondrosis. Vet Surg. 2023;52(6):810\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-15-11-0182","volume":"29","author":"DJ Adair HSr, Marcellin-Little","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adair HSr, Marcellin-Little DJ, Levine D. Validity and repeatability of goniometry in normal horses. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2016;29(4):314\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4206_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.8.822","volume":"68","author":"GH Jaeger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jaeger GH, Marcellin-Little DJ, Depuy V, Lascelles BD. Validity of goniometric joint measurements in cats. Am J Vet Res. 2007;68(8):822\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-13-04-0046","volume":"27","author":"O Sengoz Sirin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sengoz Sirin O, Timucin Celik M, Ozmen A, Avki S. Measurements of normal joint angles by goniometry in calves. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2014;27(2):120\u20133.","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4206_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.12.1974","volume":"67","author":"TM Thomas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thomas TM, Marcellin-Little DJ, Roe SC, Lascelles BD, Brosey BP. Comparison of measurements obtained by use of an electrogoniometer and a universal plastic goniometer for the assessment of joint motion in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67(12):1974\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"4206_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.7.749","volume":"77","author":"KA Freund","year":"2016","unstructured":"Freund KA, Kieves NR, Hart JL, Foster SA, Jeffery U, Duerr FM. Assessment of novel digital and smartphone goniometers for measurement of canine stifle joint angles. Am J Vet Res. 2016;77(7):749\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-15-05-0090","volume":"29","author":"SS Sabanci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sabanci SS, Ocal MK. Comparison of goniometric measurements of the stifle joint in seven breeds of normal dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2016;29(3):214\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4206_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2005.00070.x","volume":"34","author":"JL Cook","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cook JL, Renfro DC, Tomlinson JL, Sorensen JE. Measurement of angles of abduction for diagnosis of shoulder instability in dogs using goniometry and digital image analysis. Vet Surg. 2005;34(5):463\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.01.120","volume":"57","author":"CE DeCamp","year":"1996","unstructured":"DeCamp CE, Riggs CM, Olivier NB, Hauptman JG, Hottinger HA, Soutas-Little RW. Kinematic evaluation of gait in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Am J Vet Res. 1996;57(1):120\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"4206_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1988.49.09.1522","volume":"49","author":"SC Budsberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Budsberg SC, Verstraete MC, Soutas-Little RW, Flo GL, Probst CW. Force plate analyses before and after stabilization of canine stifles for cruciate injury. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49(9):1522\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"4206_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8070119","volume":"8","author":"S Pinna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinna S, Lanzi F, Tassani C. The effect of cranial cruciate ligament rupture on range of motion in dogs. Vet Sci. 2021;8(7):119.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"4206_CR28","unstructured":"Kowaleski MP, Boudrieau RJ, Pozzi A. Stifle Joint. In: Johnston SA, Tobias KM, editors. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal 2nd Edition. 2 ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier; 2018. pp. 1071\u2009\u2013\u2009168."},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15572062","volume":"17","author":"ME Epstein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Epstein ME, Rodan I, Griffenhagen G, Kadrlik J, Petty MC, Robertson SA, et al. 2015 AAHA\/AAFP Pain Management guidelines for Dogs and cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2015;17(3):251\u201372.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"4206_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-10","volume":"8","author":"BD Lascelles","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lascelles BD, Dong YH, Marcellin-Little DJ, Thomson A, Wheeler S, Correa M. Relationship of orthopedic examination, goniometric measurements, and radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease in cats. BMC Vet Res. 2012;8:10.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"4206_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13499","volume":"49","author":"E Clarke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clarke E, Aulakh KS, Hudson C, Barnes K, Gines JA, Liu CC, et al. Effect of sedation or general anesthesia on elbow goniometry and thoracic limb circumference measurements in dogs with naturally occurring elbow osteoarthritis. Vet Surg. 2020;49(7):1428\u201336.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"4206_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5846052","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5846052","volume":"2016","author":"SA Thomovsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thomovsky SA, Chen AV, Kiszonas AM, Lutskas LA. Goniometry and limb girth in miniature dachshunds. J Vet Med. 2016;2016:5846052.","journal-title":"J Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR33","first-page":"10","volume":"22","author":"DP Laflamme","year":"1997","unstructured":"Laflamme DP. Development and validation of a body Condition score system for dogs. Canine Pract. 1997;22(1):10\u20135.","journal-title":"Canine Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"4206_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12453904","volume":"14","author":"J Benito","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benito J, Gruen ME, Thomson A, Simpson W, Lascelles BD. Owner-assessed indices of quality of life in cats and the relationship to the presence of degenerative joint disease. J Feline Med Surg. 2012;14(12):863\u201370.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","volume":"6","author":"D Cicchetti","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cicchetti D. Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instrument in psychology. Psychol Assess. 1994;6(4):284\u201390.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"60","key":"4206_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03139","volume":"6","author":"D L\u00fcdecke","year":"2021","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke D, Ben Shachar M, Patil I, Waggoner P, Makowski D. Performance: an R package for assessment, comparison and testing of statistical models. J Open Source Softw. 2021;6(60):3139.","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"issue":"5","key":"4206_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.2307\/1911963","volume":"47","author":"TS Breusch","year":"1979","unstructured":"Breusch TS, Pagan AR. A simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation. Econometrica. 1979;47(5):1287\u201394.","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1977.10489493","volume":"19","author":"RD Cook","year":"1977","unstructured":"Cook RD. Detection of influential observation in linear regression. Technometrics. 1977;19(1):15\u20138.","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"4206_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v075.i06","volume":"75","author":"M Koller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koller M. Robustlmm: an R package for robust estimation of linear mixed-effects models. J Stat Softw. 2016;75(6):1\u201324.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175\u201391.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04206-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04206-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04206-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T20:28:18Z","timestamp":1757104098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04206-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04206-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article has been updated to amend the license information.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich (approval number: 177-05-06-2019) and complies with ARRIVE guidelines. An informed client consent was obtained from all owners for the participation of their dogs in the study before enrollment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"339"}}