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They were mainly parallel to each other and long finger-like at the duodenum. The tips of the villi in the control group appeared thin-slight curved with a prominent center in the duodenum, thin rectangular in the jejunum, and ileum in the control group. In contrast, in the treatment group, they changed to thick rectangular in the duodenum and ileum zigzag shape in the jejunum. The epithelium lining of the duodenal villi showed a dome shape, the jejunal villi showed a polygonal shape, and the ileal villi appeared scales-like. The epithelium lining showed irregular microfolds and many different-sized pores, and the treatment group showed islands of long microvilli in the duodenum and solitary long microvilli in the ileum. Real-time PCR of AvBD 1, 2, 10, and 12 significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). The better expression of AvBD 1, 2, and 12 was determined in the duodenum, while AvBD 10 was in the jejunum.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sodium butyrate enhanced the chicks\u2019 growth and small intestine parameters, modified the morphology of the intestinal villi, and improved the humoral part of innate immunity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04253-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T04:02:00Z","timestamp":1727496120000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Analyzing the morphology and avian \u03b2-defensins genes (Av\u03b2D) expression in the small intestine of Cobb500 broiler chicks fed with sodium butyrate"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6236-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.M.","family":"Alsafy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Islam A.","family":"Abdellatif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir A. 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