{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:10:17Z","timestamp":1791933017665,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008678","name":"Universit\u00e4t Leipzig","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008678","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Calprotectin, a damage-associated molecular pattern protein of the S100\/calgranulin family, is a potential marker of gastrointestinal inflammation in dogs and mainly originates from activated macrophages and granulocytes. Increased calprotectin concentrations are reported in feces and serum samples from dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE), but mucosal calprotectin expression has not been extensively investigated in canine CIE. Thus, we aimed to evaluate gastrointestinal mucosal concentrations of calprotectin in 62 dogs (44 dogs with CIE compared to 18 healthy Beagles) using a particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay method. Additionally, we assessed the relationship of gastric, duodenal, jejunal, ileal, and colonic mucosal calprotectin levels with the clinical disease severity (canine clinical inflammatory bowel disease activity index, CIBDAI), histopathologic findings, clinical outcome, and serum albumin concentrations to further evaluate the potential of calprotectin as a biomarker for CIE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mucosal calprotectin concentrations in dogs with CIE were significantly higher in the duodenum (median: 276.2\u00a0\u03bcg\/g) and colon (median: 298.2\u00a0\u03bcg\/g) compared to healthy controls (median: 94.3\u00a0\u03bcg\/g,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0039; and median: 112.0\u00a0\u03bcg\/g,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0061). Similar numerical differences in the ileum and cecum were not statistically significant, and mucosal calprotectin concentrations correlated significantly among the different gastrointestinal segments. Histologic lesion severity was linked to mucosal calprotectin concentrations for inflammatory and structural histology criteria in the duodenum and colon (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Higher mucosal calprotectin levels in the duodenum and across all segments correlated with lower serum albumin concentrations (both\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05); duodenal mucosal calprotectin concentrations were more than sixfold higher in hypoalbuminemic dogs (median: 1441\u00a0\u00b5g\/g,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094) than normoalbuminemic dogs (median: 227\u00a0\u00b5g\/g,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200940). There was no significant association of mucosal calprotectin levels with CIBDAI scores or individual clinical outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results show that duodenal and colonic mucosal calprotectin concentrations are increased in dogs with CIE, providing further supporting evidence for the diagnostic potential of fecal calprotectin (presumably reflecting mucosal) concentrations and in dogs with CIE. Further longitudinal research is needed to assess changes in mucosal calprotectin concentrations with clinical response to treatment vs. mucosal disease remission and to determine the clinical utility of fecal calprotectin concentrations to diagnose and monitor dogs with CIE in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04256-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T23:31:29Z","timestamp":1725579089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Duodenal and colonic mucosal S100A8\/A9 (calprotectin) expression is increased and correlates with the severity of select histologic lesions in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Nestler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pernilla","family":"Syrj\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Kilpinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara Antunes","family":"Moniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Spillmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Hanifeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romy M.","family":"Heilmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4256_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.923013","volume":"9","author":"AE Jergens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jergens AE, Heilmann RM. Canine chronic enteropathy-urrent state-of-the-art and emerging concepts. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9: 923013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.923013.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"4256_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.02.003","volume":"41","author":"KW Simpson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simpson KW, Jergens AE. Pitfalls and progress in the diagnosis and management of canine inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2011;41:381\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.02.003.","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"4256_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12588","volume":"57","author":"JRS Dandrieux","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dandrieux JRS. Inflammatory bowel disease versus chronic enteropathy in dogs: are they one and the same? J Small Anim Pract. 2016;57:589\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsap.12588.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"4256_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90501","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090501","volume":"9","author":"DG O'Neill","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC. Prevalence of disorders recorded in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e90501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0090501.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4256_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15247","volume":"32","author":"RM Heilmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heilmann RM, Steiner JM. Clinical utility of currently available biomarkers in inflammatory enteropathies of dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32:1495\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15247.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"4256_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1638","volume":"13","author":"T Vogl","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vogl T, Tenbrock K, Ludwig S, Leukert N, Ehrhardt C, van Zoelen MAD, et al. Mrp8 and Mrp14 are endogenous activators of Toll-like receptor 4, promoting lethal, endotoxin-induced shock. Nat Med. 2007;13:1042\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm1638.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"4256_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1008647","volume":"86","author":"JM Ehrchen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ehrchen JM, Sunderk\u00f6tter C, Foell D, Vogl T, Roth J. The endogenous oll-like receptor 4 agonist S100A8\/S100A9 (calprotectin) as innate amplifier of infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. J Leukoc Biol. 2009;86:557\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.1008647.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"4256_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3244","volume":"41","author":"S Fukunaga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fukunaga S, Kuwaki K, Mitsuyama K, Takedatsu H, Yoshioka S, Yamasaki H, et al. Detection of calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease: ecal and serum levels and immunohistochemical localization. Int J Mol Med. 2018;41:107\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3244.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"4256_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1397590","volume":"15","author":"AC Manchester","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manchester AC, Ammons DT, Lappin MR, Dow S. Single cell transcriptomic analysis of the canine duodenum in chronic inflammatory enteropathy and health. Front Immunol. 2024;15: 1397590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1397590.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4256_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2019.04.003","volume":"211","author":"RM Heilmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heilmann RM, Nestler J, Schwarz J, Gr\u00fctzner N, Ambrus A, Seeger J, et al. Mucosal expression of S100A12 (calgranulin C) and S100A8\/A9 (calprotectin) and correlation with serum and fecal concentrations in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2019;211:64\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetimm.2019.04.003.","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"4256_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15065","volume":"32","author":"RM Heilmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heilmann RM, Berghoff N, Mansell J, Gr\u00fctzner N, Parnell NK, Gurtner C, et al. Association of fecal calprotectin concentrations with disease severity, response to treatment, and other biomarkers in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32:679\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15065.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"4256_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/00365529950172835","volume":"34","author":"AG R\u00f8seth","year":"1999","unstructured":"R\u00f8seth AG, Schmidt PN, Fagerhol MK. Correlation between faecal excretion of indium-111-labelled granulocytes and calprotectin, a granulocyte marker protein, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999;34:50\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00365529950172835.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4256_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1441-0","volume":"14","author":"M Hanifeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hanifeh M, Sankari S, Rajam\u00e4ki MM, Syrj\u00e4 P, Kilpinen S, Suchodolski JS, et al. S100A12 concentrations and myeloperoxidase activities are increased in the intestinal mucosa of dogs with chronic enteropathies. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14:125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-018-1441-0.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"4256_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4280","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4280","volume":"14","author":"F Sanchez-Munoz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sanchez-Munoz F, Dominguez-Lopez A, Yamamoto-Furusho J-K. Role of cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:4280\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.14.4280.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4256_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296024","volume":"19","author":"S Kather","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kather S, Kacza J, Pfannkuche H, B\u00f6ttcher D, Sung C-H, Steiner JM, et al. Expression of the cobalamin transporters cubam and MRP1 in the canine ileum \u2013 pregulation in chronic inflammatory enteropathy. PLoS ONE. 2024;19: e0296024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296024.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4256_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16436","volume":"36","author":"EM P\u00e9rez-Merino","year":"2022","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Merino EM, Crist\u00f3bal-Verdejo I, Duque-Carrasco FJ, Espadas-Gonz\u00e1lez L, Pastor-Sirvent N, Us\u00f3n-Casa\u00fas JM. Relationship between serum cobalamin concentration and endoscopic ileal appearance and histology in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36:957\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16436.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"4256_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03011.x","volume":"21","author":"K Allenspach","year":"2007","unstructured":"Allenspach K, Wieland B, Gr\u00f6ne A, Gaschen F. Chronic enteropathies in dogs: evaluation of risk factors for negative outcome. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21:700\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03011.x.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"4256_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15614","volume":"33","author":"SA Wennogle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wennogle SA, Priestnall SL, Su\u00e1rez-Bonnet A, Webb CB. Comparison of clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic variables in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and low or normal serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33:1995\u20132004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15614.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"4256_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12041","volume":"27","author":"F Procoli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Procoli F, M\u00f5tsk\u00fcla PF, Keyte SV, Priestnall S, Allenspach K. Comparison of histopathologic findings in duodenal and ileal endoscopic biopsies in dogs with chronic small intestinal enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med. 2013;27:268\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.12041.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"4256_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818813090","volume":"56","author":"KA Allenspach","year":"2019","unstructured":"Allenspach KA, Mochel JP, Du Y, Priestnall SL, Moore F, Slayter M, et al. Correlating gastrointestinal histopathologic changes to clinical disease activity in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Pathol. 2019;56:435\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300985818813090.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"4256_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10070428","volume":"10","author":"AN Jandel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jandel AN, Heilmann RM, Sander H, Steiner JM, Gr\u00fctzner N, Xenoulis PG. Serum \u03b11-proteinase inhibitor, calprotectin, and S100A12 concentrations in the characterization of pancreatitis in dogs. Vet Sci. 2023;10: 428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10070428.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"4256_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14669","volume":"31","author":"SA Wennogle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wennogle SA, Priestnall SL, Webb CB. Histopathologic characteristics of intestinal biopsy samples from dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy with and without hypoalbuminemia. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31:371\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.14669.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"4256_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10070419","volume":"10","author":"DS Riggers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Riggers DS, Xenoulis PG, Karra DA, Enderle LL, K\u00f6ller G, B\u00f6ttcher D, et al. Fecal calprotectin concentrations in cats with chronic enteropathies. Vet Sci. 2023;10: 419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10070419.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4256_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2008.01.001","volume":"138","author":"MJ Day","year":"2008","unstructured":"Day MJ, Bilzer T, Mansell J, Wilcock B, Hall EJ, Jergens A, et al. Histopathological standards for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal inflammation in endoscopic biopsy samples from the dog and cat: a report from the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Gastrointestinal Standardization Group. J Comp Pathol. 2008;138(Suppl 1):S1\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcpa.2008.01.001.","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"4256_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0443.x","volume":"24","author":"RJ Washabau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Washabau RJ, Day MJ, Willard MD, Hall EJ, Jergens AE, Mansell J, et al. Endoscopic, biopsy, and histopathologic guidelines for the evaluation of gastrointestinal inflammation in companion animals. J Vet Intern Med. 2010;24:10\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0443.x.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"4256_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.2741\/e470","volume":"4","author":"AE Jergens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jergens AE, Simpson KW. Inflammatory bowel disease in veterinary medicine. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012;4:1404\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2741\/e470.","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Elite Ed)"},{"key":"4256_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1892\/0891-6640(2007)21[11:eocmah]2.0.co;2","volume":"21","author":"M Garc\u00eda-Sancho","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Sancho M, Rodr\u00edguez-Franco F, Sainz A, Mancho C, Rodr\u00edguez A. Evaluation of clinical, macroscopic, and histopathologic response to treatment in nonhypoproteinemic dogs with lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1892\/0891-6640(2007)21[11:eocmah]2.0.co;2.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"4256_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0153.x","volume":"22","author":"NMS Schreiner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schreiner NMS, Gaschen F, Gr\u00f6ne A, Sauter SN, Allenspach K. Clinical signs, histology, and CD3-positive cells before and after treatment of dogs with chronic enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22:1079\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0153.x.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"4256_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00335.x","volume":"48","author":"TM McCann","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCann TM, Ridyard AE, Else RW, Simpson JW. Evaluation of disease activity markers in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. J Small Anim Pract. 2007;48:620\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00335.x.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"4256_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2376\/0005-9366-123-74","volume":"123","author":"M M\u00fcnster","year":"2010","unstructured":"M\u00fcnster M, Suchodolski JS, Bilzer T, Bilzer C, H\u00f6rauf A, Steiner JM. Einfluss k\u00f6rperlicher mangelzust\u00e4nde auf den di\u00e4tetischen behandlungserfolg bei hunden mit chronischen enteropathien. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2010;123:74\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2376\/0005-9366-123-74.","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"4256_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425918799865","volume":"24","author":"JR Dandrieux","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dandrieux JR, Martinez Lopez LM, Stent A, Jergens A, Allenspach K, Nowell CJ, et al. Changes in duodenal CD163-positive cells in dogs with chronic enteropathy after successful treatment. Innate Immun. 2018;24:400\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1753425918799865.","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"key":"4256_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12131645","volume":"12","author":"D Siel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siel D, Beltr\u00e1n CJ, Mart\u00ednez E, Pino M, Vargas N, Salinas A, et al. Elucidating the role of innate and adaptive immune responses in the pathogenesis of canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy\u2013a search for potential biomarkers. Animals. 2022;12: 1645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12131645.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"4256_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1176807","volume":"14","author":"RV Brady","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brady RV, Thamm DH. Tumor-associated macrophages: prognostic and therapeutic targets for cancer in humans and dogs. Front Immunol. 2023;14: 1176807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1176807.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4256_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4414","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170057","volume":"215","author":"A Bujko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bujko A, Atlasy N, Landsverk OJB, Richter L, Yaqub S, Horneland R, et al. Transcriptional and functional profiling defines human small intestinal macrophage subsets. J Exp Med. 2018;215:4414\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20170057.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"4256_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.7314\/apjcp.2014.15.4.1667","volume":"15","author":"M Khoshbaten","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khoshbaten M, Pishahang P, Nouri M, Lashkari A, Alizadeh M, Rostami-Nejad M. Diagnostic value of fecal calprotectin as a screening biomarker for gastrointestinal malignancies. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15:1667\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7314\/apjcp.2014.15.4.1667.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"4256_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-011-1165-0","volume":"26","author":"K Luley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luley K, Noack F, Lehnert H, Homann N. Local calprotectin production in colorectal cancer and polyps \u2013 active neutrophil recruitment in carcinogenesis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011;26:603\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-011-1165-0.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"4256_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03513-z","volume":"18","author":"J Weinek\u00f6tter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weinek\u00f6tter J, Gurtner C, Protschka M, von Bomhard W, B\u00f6ttcher D, Schlinke A, et al. Tissue S100\/calgranulin expression and blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in dogs with lower urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. BMC Vet Res. 2022;18:412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03513-z.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"4256_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03792-0","volume":"19","author":"J Weinek\u00f6tter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weinek\u00f6tter J, Gurtner C, Protschka M, von Bomhard W, B\u00f6ttcher D, Alber G, et al. Tissue S100\/calgranulin expression and blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in prostatic disorders in dogs. BMC Vet Res. 2023;19:234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-023-03792-0.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"4256_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(99)00206-5","volume":"292","author":"H T\u00f8n","year":"2000","unstructured":"T\u00f8n H, Brandsnes Dale S, Holtlund J, Skuibina E, Schj\u00f8nsby H, Johne B. Improved assay for fecal calprotectin. Clin Chim Acta. 2000;292:41\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0009-8981(99)00206-5.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"4256_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.7.845","volume":"69","author":"RM Heilmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heilmann RM, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Development and analytic validation of a radioimmunoassay for the quantification of canine calprotectin in serum and feces from dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2008;69:845\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.69.7.845.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"4256_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S223","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy222.377","volume":"13","author":"C Caenepeel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caenepeel C, Machiels K, Vieira-Silva S, Ardeshir Davani N, Ferrante M, Vermeire S. P253 The impact of storage time and freeze-thaw cycles on faecal calprotectin concentration in inflammatory bowel disease patients and controls. J Crohns Colitis. 2019;13:S223\u2013S223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy222.377.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"4256_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02450.x","volume":"17","author":"AE Jergens","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jergens AE, Schreiner CA, Frank DE, Niyo Y, Ahrens FE, Eckersall PD, et al. A scoring index for disease activity in canine inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17:291\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02450.x.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"4256_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387221114031","volume":"34","author":"LL Enderle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Enderle LL, K\u00f6ller G, Heilmann RM. Verification of the fCAL turbo immunoturbidimetric assay for measurement of the fecal calprotectin concentration in dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2022;34:813\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10406387221114031.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04256-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04256-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04256-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T23:33:17Z","timestamp":1725579197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04256-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04256-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Finnish National Board for Animal Experiments (license numbers: ESLH-2007-09833\/Ym-23, ESAVI 2010-04178\/Ym-23, and ESAVI\/7290\/04.10.03\/2012) for the collection of samples from healthy Beagle dogs and from dogs with CIE (license numbers: ESAVI\/6973\/04.10.03\/2011 and ESAVI\/10384\/04.10.07\/2014). Written informed consent was obtained from each owner or caretaker prior to enrollment of a dog. All methods were performed following the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"CAM is an employee at B\u00fchlmann Laboratories where the calprotectin test was developed and is offered on a fee-for-service basis (but only humans).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"393"}}