{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:12:31Z","timestamp":1784077951945,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Enterobacterales constitutes a significant threat to the health of both humans and animals and a socioeconomic problem. Enterobacterales, mainly <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, carrying \u03b2-lactamases has become one of the main indicators to estimate the burden of AMR in animals within \u201cOne Health\u201d approach.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To assess the presence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales associated with ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) habituated in all five provinces of Rwanda and to perform in depth characterization of isolates.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We screened 454 rectal swabs from 203 cows, 170 goats, and 81 sheep and selective isolation of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales was conducted. Isolates were identified as a members of the order Enterobacterales by MALDI-TOF MS and further characterized by susceptibility testing and by whole-genome sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Out of the 454 samples, 64 extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales were isolated from 58 animals. Isolates belonged to seven bacterial species and were identified as <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200954), <jats:italic>Enterobacter bugandensis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094), <jats:italic>Enterobacter mori<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092), <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092), <jats:italic>Enterobacter dykesii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091), and <jats:italic>Citrobacter freundii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091). All isolates displayed an Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBL) phenotype, with exception of <jats:italic>Citrobacter freundii<\/jats:italic> isolate displayed both an ESBL and AmpC phenotype. In addition, all <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic> isolates were identified as stably de-repressed AmpC-producers. ESBLs genes, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX\u2212M\u221215<\/jats:sub> was predominant. Resistance to tetracycline and <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(A) was most frequently observed among non-\u03b2-lactam resistance. Forty-eight isolates displayed multidrug-resistance phenotypes. A shiga toxin-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and an enterotoxigenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolate were observed. Genome comparisons revealed thirty-five <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> sequence types (ST) (ST10, ST307 being predominate).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Considering the high proximity between ruminants and humans in Rwanda, the dissemination of antimicrobial drug resistance highlights the public health threats and requires the joint and multisectoral action of human and veterinary medicine, at human-animal-environment interfaces. Therefore, it is important to establish national and global \u201cOne Health\u201d surveillance programs of AMR to tackle the antibiotic-resistant crisis in human and veterinary medicine.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04359-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T04:15:06Z","timestamp":1731989706000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Survey in ruminants from Rwanda revealed high diversity and prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Irimaso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helga","family":"Keinprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Szostak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana Cabal","family":"Rosel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrix","family":"Stessl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelie","family":"Desvars-Larrive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Ntakirutimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto W.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wittek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea T.","family":"Fe\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sascha D.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Monecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Ehricht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Spergser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Ruppitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Loncaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4359_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bush K, Bradford PA. \u03b2-lactams and \u03b2-lactamase inhibitors: An overview. 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Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(2).","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02156-21"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04359-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04359-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04359-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T17:03:20Z","timestamp":1732035800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04359-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04359-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was discussed, and the rectal swabbing was approved by the Research Screening and Ethical Clearance Committee of the College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda (003\/2021\/DRI). The study was performed in compliance with institutional guidelines for research on animals and an \u201cinformed consent named \u201cAnimal Health Survey Informed Consent Form\u201d was obtained and signed from animal owners. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant intitutaion guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"523"}}