{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:04:04Z","timestamp":1791313444640,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007941","name":"Addis Ababa University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VPRTT\/PY-020\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VPRTT\/PY-020\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04380-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T06:21:50Z","timestamp":1732861310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prudent use and antimicrobial prescription practices in Ethiopian veterinary clinics located in different agroecological areas"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Takele Beyene","family":"Tufa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kebede","family":"Amenu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nardos","family":"Fasil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fikru","family":"Regassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariku J.","family":"Beyene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crawford W.","family":"Revie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk","family":"Hogeveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Stegeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4380_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002521","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002521","volume":"15","author":"D Schar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schar D, Sommanustweechai A, Laxminarayan R, Tangcharoensathien V. Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in animal production sectors of low- and middle-income countries: optimizing use and addressing antimicrobial resistance. PLoS Med. 2018;15:e1002521.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"4380_CR2","unstructured":"WOAH. Chapter 6.10. Responsible and Prudent Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Veterinary Medicine. 2022."},{"key":"4380_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. Geneva; 2014."},{"key":"4380_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00540","volume":"7","author":"P Sanders","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanders P, Vanderhaeghen W, Fertner M, Fuchs K, Obritzhauser W, Agunos A, et al. Monitoring of farm-level Antimicrobial Use to Guide Stewardship: overview of Existing Systems and Analysis of Key components and processes. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:540.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"4380_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.610656","volume":"12","author":"M Zalewska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zalewska M, B\u0142a\u017cejewska A, Czapko A, Popowska M. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in animal manure \u2013 consequences of its application in Agriculture. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:640.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4380_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-018-0099-2","volume":"39","author":"RC Okocha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Okocha RC, Olatoye IO, Adedeji OB. Food safety impacts of antimicrobial use and their residues in aquaculture. Public Health Rev. 2018;39:1\u201322.","journal-title":"Public Health Rev"},{"key":"4380_CR7","unstructured":"Australian Veterinary Association. Use of antimicrobial drugs in veterinary practice. The Australian Veterinary Association. 2018. https:\/\/www.ava.com.au\/policy-advocacy\/policies\/use-of-veterinary-medicines\/use-of-antimicrobial-drugs-in-veterinary-practice\/. Accessed 10 Feb 2020."},{"key":"4380_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa543","volume":"76","author":"KN Kragh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kragh KN, Gij\u00f3n D, Maruri A, Antonelli A, Coppi M, Kolpen M, et al. Effective antimicrobial combination in vivo treatment predicted with microcalorimetry screening. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021;76:1001.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"4380_CR9","unstructured":"VDFACA. Standard Veterinary Treatment Guidelines for Ethiopia. 2nd edition. Addis Ababa; 2020."},{"key":"4380_CR10","unstructured":"VDFACA. Ethiopian Veterinary Drugs List. 2nd edition. Addi Ababa, Ethiopia: Veterinary Drugs and Animal Feed Administration and Control Authority; 2019."},{"key":"4380_CR11","first-page":"596","volume":"0","author":"S Gizaw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gizaw S, Woldehanna M, Anteneh H, Ayledo G, Awol F, Gebreyohannes G, et al. Animal Health Service Delivery in Crop-Livestock and Pastoral systems in Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci. 2021;0:596.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"4380_CR12","unstructured":"Joint MOH\/MOA\/EFCCC. Antimicrobial resistance prevention and containment strategic plan: The One Health approach (2021\u20132025). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2021."},{"key":"4380_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1466-4","volume":"8","author":"T Beyene","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beyene T, Endalamaw D, Tolossa Y, Feyisa A. Evaluation of rational use of veterinary drugs especially antimicrobials and anthelmintics in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:482.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"4380_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6669036","volume":"2021","author":"M Etefa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Etefa M, Beyi AF, Ayana D, Beyene TJ, Tufa TB. Veterinary Drug Prescribing practices at selected District Veterinary Clinics of Rift Valley areas of Ethiopia. Vet Med Int. 2021;2021:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Med Int"},{"key":"4380_CR15","unstructured":"WHO. Action Programme on Essential Drugs and Vaccines. How to investigate drug use in health facilities: Selected drug use indicators. 1993."},{"key":"4380_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"D Tiele","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tiele D, Sebro E, H\/Meskel D, Mathewos M. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites of cattle in and around Hosanna Town, Southern Ethiopia. Veterinary Medicine: Res Rep. 2023;14:1.","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicine: Res Rep"},{"key":"4380_CR17","first-page":"1084","volume":"15","author":"E Sebro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sebro E, Kebamo M, Abebe A. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of Sheep and goats in An-Lemo. Hadiya Zone South Ethiopia Indian J Sci Technol. 2022;15:1084\u201390.","journal-title":"Hadiya Zone South Ethiopia Indian J Sci Technol"},{"key":"4380_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathewos M, Girma D, Fesseha H, Yirgalem M, Eshetu E. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminthiasis in Horses and Donkeys of Hawassa District, Southern Ethiopia. Vet Med Int. 2021;2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6686688"},{"key":"4380_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641488","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.641488","volume":"8","author":"JP Villanueva-Cabezas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Villanueva-Cabezas JP, Rinzin K, Dorjee S, Tshewang P, Namgyel U, Sharma PM, et al. Antibiotic prescription in Veterinary consultations in Bhutan: a retrospective cross-sectional study. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:641488.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"4380_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.258.2.170","volume":"258","author":"EE Feyes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feyes EE, Diaz-Campos D, Mollenkopf DF, Horne RL, Soltys RC, Ballash GA, et al. Implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program in a veterinary medical teaching institution. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2021;258:170\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"4380_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bengtsson-Palme J, Kristiansson E, Larsson DGJ. Environmental factors influencing the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2018;42.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux053"},{"key":"4380_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105668","volume":"204","author":"F Moffo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moffo F, Moctar M, Mouiche M, Djomgang HK, Tombe P, Wade A, et al. Associations between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry litter under field conditions in Cameroon. Prev Vet Med. 2022;204:105668.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"4380_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100286","volume":"13","author":"BA Gemeda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gemeda BA, Assefa A, Jaleta MB, Amenu K, Wieland B. Antimicrobial resistance in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence in foods, food handlers, animals, and the environment. One Health. 2021;13:100286.","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"4380_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12030","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20177","volume":"104","author":"L Martins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martins L, Gon\u00e7alves JL, Leite RF, Tomazi T, Rall VLM, Santos MV. Association between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus uberis causing clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 2021;104:12030\u201341.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"4380_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7425","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14540","volume":"101","author":"DB Nobrega","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nobrega DB, De Buck J, Barkema HW. Antimicrobial resistance in non-aureus staphylococci isolated from milk is associated with systemic but not intramammary administration of antimicrobials in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2018;101:7425\u201336.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"4380_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4965","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5713","volume":"96","author":"V Saini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saini V, McClure JT, Scholl DT, DeVries TJ, Barkema HW. Herd-level relationship between antimicrobial use and presence or absence of antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative bovine mastitis pathogens on Canadian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci. 2013;96:4965\u201376.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"4380_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.81.2.103","volume":"81","author":"LE Redding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Redding LE, Lavigne S, Aceto HW, Nolen-Walston RD. Antimicrobial prescribing patterns of clinicians and clinical services at a large animal veterinary teaching hospital. Am J Vet Res. 2020;81:103\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"4380_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regula G, Torriani K, Gassner B, Stucki F, M\u00fcntener CR. Prescription patterns of antimicrobials in veterinary practices in Switzerland., Regula G, Torriani K, Gassner B, Stucki F, M\u00fcntener CR. (2009) Prescription patterns of antimicrobials in veterinary practices in Switzerland Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 63(4):805\u2013811. 2009;63:805\u201311.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp009"},{"key":"4380_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864813","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.864813","volume":"9","author":"M Eltholth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eltholth M, Govindaraj G, Das B, Shanabhoga MB, Swamy HM, Thomas A, et al. Factors influencing Antibiotic Prescribing Behavior and understanding of Antimicrobial Resistance among veterinarians in Assam, India. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:864813.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"4380_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2024.105140","volume":"168","author":"S Bacci","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bacci S, Meucci V, Sgorbini M, De Marchi L, Pirone A, Pretti C, et al. Pattern of prescriptions and prudent use of antimicrobial in horse practice at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Res Vet Sci. 2024;168:105140.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"4380_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517791","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00216","volume":"7","author":"A Schnepf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schnepf A, Bienert-Zeit A, Ertugrul H, Wagels R, Werner N, Hartmann M, et al. Antimicrobial usage in horses: the Use of Electronic Data, Data Curation, and first results. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:517791.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"4380_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828111","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.828111","volume":"9","author":"KI Kasozi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kasozi KI, MacLeod ET, Ntulume I, Welburn SC. An update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:828111.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"4380_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018002093","volume":"146","author":"II Wangwe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wangwe II, Wamwenje SA, Mirieri C, Masila NM, Wambua L, Kulohoma BW. Modelling appropriate use of trypanocides to restrict wide-spread multi-drug resistance during chemotherapy of animal African trypanosomiasis. Parasitology. 2019;146:774\u201380.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"4380_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1167847","volume":"10","author":"TB Tufa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tufa TB, Regassa F, Amenu K, Stegeman JA, Hogeveen H. Livestock Producers\u2019 knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) regarding antimicrobials use in Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:544.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"4380_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tekle T, Terefe G, Cherenet T, Ashenafi H, Akoda KG, Teko-Agbo A et al. Aberrant use and poor quality of trypanocides: a risk for drug resistance in south western Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1327-6"},{"key":"4380_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.04.022","volume":"189","author":"Y Moti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moti Y, Fikru R, Van Den Abbeele J, B\u00fcscher P, Van den Bossche P, Duchateau L, et al. Ghibe river basin in Ethiopia: Present situation of trypanocidal drug resistance in Trypanosoma congolense using tests in mice and PCR-RFLP. Vet Parasitol. 2012;189:197\u2013203.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4380_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90026-8","volume":"53","author":"V Codjia","year":"1993","unstructured":"Codjia V, Mulatu W, Majiwa PAO, Leak SGA, Rowlands GJ, Authi\u00e9 E, et al. Epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis in the Ghibe valley, southwest Ethiopia. 3. Occurrence of populations of Trypanosoma congolense resistant to diminazene, isometamidium and homidium. Acta Trop. 1993;53:151\u201363.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"4380_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(96)00645-6","volume":"64","author":"W Mulugeta","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mulugeta W, Wilkes J, Mulatu W, Majiwa PAO, Masake R, Peregrine AS. Long-term occurrence of Trypanosoma congolense resistant to diminazene, isometamidium and homidium in cattle at Ghibe, Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 1997;64:205\u201317.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"4380_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasozi KI, MacLeod ET, Welburn SC. African animal trypanocide resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci. 2023;9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.950248"},{"key":"4380_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00108-X","volume":"76","author":"Y Afewerk","year":"2000","unstructured":"Afewerk Y, Clausen PH, Abebe G, Tilahun G, Mehlitz D. Multiple-drug resistant Trypanosoma congolense populations in village cattle of Metekel district, north-west Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 2000;76:231\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"4380_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.01.003","volume":"9","author":"AA Eze","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eze AA, Igoli J, Gray AI, Skellern GG, De Koning HP. The individual components of commercial isometamidium do not possess stronger trypanocidal activity than the mixture, nor bypass isometamidium resistance. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2019;9:54\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"4380_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-155","volume":"5","author":"EO Mungube","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mungube EO, Vitouley HS, Allegye-Cudjoe E, Diall O, Boucoum Z, Diarra B, et al. Detection of multiple drug-resistant Trypanosoma congolense populations in village cattle of south-east Mali. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4380_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005008760","volume":"132","author":"BM Anene","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anene BM, Ezeokonkwo RC, Mmesirionye TI, Tettey JNA, Brock JM, Barrett MP, et al. A diminazene-resistant strain of Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei isolated from a dog is cross-resistant to pentamidine in experimentally infected albino rats. Parasitology. 2006;132:127\u201333.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"4380_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01827-4","volume":"17","author":"S Geerts","year":"2001","unstructured":"Geerts S, Holmes PH, Eisler MC, Diall O. African bovine trypanosomiasis: the problem of drug resistance. Trends Parasitol. 2001;17:25\u20138.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"4380_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes PH, Eisler MC, Geerts S. Current chemotherapy of animal trypanosomiasis. 2004.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994758.0431"},{"key":"4380_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer A, Holt HR, Selby R, Guitian J. Past and Ongoing Tsetse and Animal Trypanosomiasis Control Operations in five African countries: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005247"},{"key":"4380_CR47","unstructured":"OIE. List of antimicrobials for veterinary importance: criteria used for categorization. Paris, France; 2007."},{"key":"4380_CR48","unstructured":"EMA. Inforgraphic categorisation of antibiotics for use in animals for prudent and responsible use. Eur Med Agency. 2019;:3."},{"key":"4380_CR49","first-page":"1","volume":"31","author":"EMA\/CVMP\/CHMP","year":"2019","unstructured":"EMA\/CVMP\/CHMP. Categorisation of antibiotics in the European Union: answer to the request from the European Commisssion for updating the scientific advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals. Eur Med Agency. 2019;31:1\u201373.","journal-title":"Eur Med Agency"},{"key":"4380_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.i5908","volume":"179","author":"JF Prescott","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prescott JF, Boerlin P. Antimicrobial use in companion animals and good stewardship practice. Vet Rec. 2016;179:486\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"4380_CR51","first-page":"12","volume":"19","author":"TM Rawson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rawson TM, Wilson RC, O\u2019Hare D, Herrero P, Kambugu A, Lamorde M, et al. Optimizing antimicrobial use: challenges, advances and opportunities. Nat Reviews Microbiol 2021. 2021;19:12.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Microbiol 2021"},{"key":"4380_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30325-0","volume":"17","author":"D Baur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baur D, Gladstone BP, Burkert F, Carrara E, Foschi F, D\u00f6bele S, et al. Effect of antibiotic stewardship on the incidence of infection and colonisation with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:990\u20131001.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"4380_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2018.09.002","volume":"7","author":"JE Ekakoro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ekakoro JE, Okafor CC. Antimicrobial use practices of veterinary clinicians at a veterinary teaching hospital in the United States. Vet Anim Sci. 2019;7:100038.","journal-title":"Vet Anim Sci"},{"key":"4380_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104316","volume":"182","author":"A Van Cleven","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Cleven A, Sarrazin S, de Rooster H, Paepe D, Van der Meeren S, Dewulf J. Antimicrobial prescribing behaviour in dogs and cats by Belgian veterinarians. Vet Rec. 2018;182:324\u2013324.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"4380_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galarce N, Arriagada G, S\u00e1nchez F, Venegas V, Cornejo J, Lapierre L. Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals: Assessing Veterinarians\u2019 Prescription Patterns through the First National Survey in Chile. Animals 2021, Vol 11, Page 348. 2021;11:348.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020348"},{"key":"4380_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149408","DOI":"10.3389\/frabi.2023.1149408","volume":"2","author":"N Khalid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khalid N, Akbar Z, Mustafa N, Akbar J, Saeed S, Saleem Z. Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates in Lahore, Pakistan. Front Antibiot. 2023;2:1149408.","journal-title":"Front Antibiot"},{"key":"4380_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.10.001","volume":"27","author":"BJ Langford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Langford BJ, Daneman N, Diong C, Marchand-Austin A, Adomako K, Saedi A, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility reporting and association with antibiotic prescribing: a cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27:568\u201375.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"4380_CR58","unstructured":"FAO-UNEP-WHO-WOAH. Africa regional strategy on antimicrobial resistance communications and advocacy. Acra; 2022."},{"key":"4380_CR59","first-page":"7","volume":"C299","author":"Commission Notice","year":"2015","unstructured":"Commission Notice. Guidelines for the prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine. Official J Eur Union. 2015;C299:7\u201326.","journal-title":"Official J Eur Union"},{"key":"4380_CR60","unstructured":"OIE. Responsible and Prudent Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Veterinary medicine. 2019."},{"key":"4380_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cockcroft PD. Antimicrobial Selection in Cattle Practice. In: Cockroft PD, editor. Bovine Medicine Clinical Skills. 3rd edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015. pp. 225\u201337.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118948538.ch23"},{"key":"4380_CR62","unstructured":"EMA. EMA\/CVMP\/678496\/. 2021 -rev. Advice on the designation of antimicrobials or groups of antimicrobials reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans - in relation to implementing measures under Article 37 (5) of Regulation (EU) 2019\/6 on veterinary m. European Medicines Agency. 2022;31 May:0\u2013234."},{"key":"4380_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(05)70294-7","volume":"84","author":"JF Acar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Acar JF. Antibiotic synergy and antagonism. Med Clin North Am. 2000;84:1391\u2013406.","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"4380_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2021.100540","volume":"44","author":"MMM Mouiche","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mouiche MMM, Mpouam SE, Moffo F, Nkassa CMN, Mbah CK, Mapiefou NP, et al. Prescription pattern of Antimicrobial Use in Small Animal Veterinary Practice in Cameroon. Top Companion Anim Med. 2021;44:100540.","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"key":"4380_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Jornal Am Med Association: Clin Rev Educ. 2013;310:2191\u20134.","journal-title":"Jornal Am Med Association: Clin Rev Educ"},{"key":"4380_CR66","unstructured":"Wikipedia. List of districts in the Oromia Region. The Free Encyclopedia. 2023. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_districts_in_the_Oromia_Region. Accessed 19 Mar 2023"},{"key":"4380_CR67","unstructured":"Tolla S. Rural Household Vulnerability to Poverty in South West Ethiopia: The Case of Gilgel Gibe Hydraulic Dam area of Sokoru and Tiro Afeta Woreda. Jimma University; 2015"},{"key":"4380_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Game AT, Korecha D. Recent Changes in Rainfall, Temperature and Number of Rainy Days over Northern Oromia Zone, Ethiopia. Science Discovery. 2015;3:62","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sd.20150306.14"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04380-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04380-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04380-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T08:04:31Z","timestamp":1732867471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04380-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04380-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki []. The institutions (district livestock health bureau) authorized us to access patient data from the clinics. Prescribers\u2019 confidentiality was protected by using a unique code. The study received ethical approval from the Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Institutional Board of Research Ethics Committee (Ref. No: VM\/ERC\/01\/06\/10\/2018) and data were collected after getting permission from the district veterinary clinics. Written informed consent was also obtained by signing a form by professionals who participated in group discussions.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"538"}}