{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:34:43Z","timestamp":1787020483314,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007797","name":"University of Helsinki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      is the etiological agent of Q fever in humans, a zoonosis of increasingly important public health concern. The disease results in significant economic losses to livestock farmers and its presence in ready-to-eat dairy products poses a public health threat to consumers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to detect\n                      <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in dairy products in Kwara State, Nigeria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the apparent and true prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in dairy cattle in selected local government areas (LGAs) of Kwara State, Nigeria. A total of 51 traditional Fulani transhumance farms were sampled across three regions: 27 farms in Ifelodun LGA, 9 in Ilorin East LGA, and 15 in Moro LGA. Four pooled milk samples were collected aseptically from lactating cows on each farm, totaling 204 milk samples. We screened the pathogen using real-time PCR that targeted the\n                      <jats:italic>IS1111<\/jats:italic>\n                      element in the 51 pooled raw milk samples from selected farms and 18 cheese samples from rural markets within the study area.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall apparent prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in milk and cheese was 18.8%. Both dairy products showed similar prevalence with a relatively higher positivity rate in cheese (22.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094\/18) than in raw milk samples (17.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099\/51). There were significant differences in the burden of\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in milk between the three LGAs with higher prevalence in Moro LGA (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The presence of\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in dairy products poses a direct risk of milk-borne zoonotic disease transmission to humans. Public education for the stakeholders in the dairy value chain should be intensified and the public should desist from consumption of unpasteurized milk. More molecular studies are needed to further study and characterize the\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotypes in Nigeria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04449-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T04:51:45Z","timestamp":1736225505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Real-time PCR detection of Coxiella burnetii in dairy products in Kwara State, Nigeria: a public health concern"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Nusirat","family":"Elelu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nwachukwu Raymond","family":"Chinedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balkees A.","family":"Yakub-Obalowu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail A.","family":"Odetokun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad I.","family":"Al-Mustapha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4449_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-018-1598-3","volume":"50","author":"SG Adamu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adamu SG, Kabir J, Umoh JU, Raji MA. 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We also obtained voluntary informed consent from livestock herders prior to milk sampling.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8"}}