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Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucenslarvae meal represent great potential as a sustainable alternative to fishmeal in aquafeeds.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Three replacement diets for fishmeal were prepared at different levels of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal (DBSFM): Diet 1 (0\u00a0g DBSFM \/kg diet, control), 33% (DBSFM-33%, 66\u00a0g DBSFM \/kg diet), and 100% (DBSFM-100%, 200\u00a0g DBSFM \/kg diet) to investigate their effects on biochemical parameters, immuno-hematological responses, antioxidant activities, and inflammatory gene expression in Nile tilapia, <jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>, a total of 270 (40.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.50\u00a0g) before and after challenge with <jats:italic>Streptococcus iniae (<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:italic>S. iniae<\/jats:italic>). The feeding trial lasted six weeks (pre-challenge) and two weeks (post-challenge).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results showed a significant improvement in white blood cell count (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), lymphocyte count (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), serum lysozyme activity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and phagocytic activity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), mostly in the DBSFM-100% group following the pre-challenge phase compared to the control group. Post-challenge phase exhibited significant increases in blood indices in the DBSFM-treated groups compared to the control group. Following pre- and post-challenge periods, both DBSFM-supplemented groups experienced significant increases (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), in serum total protein levels. Albumin and globulin levels also experienced similar increases (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), but only post-challenge. Total antioxidant capacity exhibited a significant increase in both DBSFM-supplemented groups following the post-challenge, as did superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the liver and spleen. Conversely, levels of glucose, cortisol, and malondialdehyde followed the opposite trend. DBSFM-100% inclusion revealed significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) up-regulation of interleukin 1\u03b2 <jats:italic>(IL-1\u03b2)<\/jats:italic> in the pre-challenge phase compared to control, but no significance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05) was seen for other genes. Anti-inflammatory-related genes transforming growth factor<jats:italic>-\u03b2<\/jats:italic> and interleukin-10 mRNA expression levels were up-regulated in DBSFM-supplemented groups compared to the control post-challenge, but the opposite was seen for <jats:italic>IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic> and tumor necrosis factor- \u03b1.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These findings suggest that Nile tilapia challenged with <jats:italic>S. iniae<\/jats:italic> may experience significant enhancements in hemato-immunological parameters, antioxidant capability, and anti-inflammatory gene expression when fish meal is replaced with DBSFM up to 100%.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04484-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T07:41:40Z","timestamp":1740469300000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) diets improved hemato-immunological responses, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant activities in Streptococcus iniae-infected Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Eman A.","family":"Abd El-Gawad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Zahran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadeer","family":"Youssuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Shehab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya F.","family":"Matter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"4484_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maldonado-Miranda JJ, Castillo-P\u00e9rez LJ, Ponce-Hern\u00e1ndez A. 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