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The study protocol was approved by the Committee on Animal Care and Use, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University (FVS-MU-IACUC) under COA No. MUVS-2021-05-23, designating it as an exemption protocol for utilizing information gathered during our organization\u2019s routine investigation for data analysis. Notably, the FVS-MU-IACUC did not need to consider the routine practices of any organization. Our team adhered to the protocols outlined in the AZA Tiger Species Survival Plan, 2016 (), and the WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2008 () while investigating disease outbreaks and collecting samples. All methods employed in this study are reported in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33"}}